|
See also:ROGER II . (1093—1154), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Sicily, son of the preceding, began personally to See also:rule in 1112, and from the first aimed at uniting the whole of the See also:Norman conquests in See also:Italy. In See also:June 1127, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, See also:duke of See also:Apulia, See also:grandson of See also:Robert Guiscard, died childless, having apparently made some vague promise of the See also:succession to Roger. In any See also:case Roger claimed at once, not only all the Hauteville possessions, but also the overlordship of See also:Capua, for which See also:Richard II. in Io98 had sworn See also:homage to Duke Roger. The See also:union of Sicily and Apulia, however, was resisted by See also:Honorius II. and by the subjects of the duchy itself, averse from any strong ducal See also:power, and the See also:pope at Capua (Dec. 1127) preached a crusade against the claimant, setting against him Robert II. of Capua and Ranulf of Alife, or See also:Avellino, See also:brother-in-See also:law of Roger, who proved himself the real See also:leader of the revolt. The See also:coalition, however, failed, and in See also:August 1128 Honorius invested Roger at See also:Benevento as duke of Apulia. The baronial resistance, which was backed by See also:Naples, See also:Bari, See also:Salerno and other cities, whose aim was civic freedom, also gave way, and at See also:Melfi (See also:Sept. 1129) Roger was generally recognized as duke by Naples, Capua and. the See also:rest. He began at once to enforce See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order in the Hauteville possessions, where the ducal power had See also:long been falling to pieces. For the binding together of all his states the royal name seemed essential, and the See also:death of Honorius in See also:February 1130, followed by a See also:double See also:election, seemed the decisive moment. While See also:Innocent II. fled to See also:France, Roger, with deep See also:design, sup-ported Anacletus II. The See also:price was a See also:crown, and on the 27th of See also:September 1130 a See also:bull of Anacletus made Roger king of Sicily. He was crowned in See also:Palermo on the 25th of See also:December 1130.
This plunged Roger into a ten years' See also:war. See also:Bernard of See also:Clairvaux, Innocent's See also:champion, built up against Anacletus and his " See also:half See also:heathen king " a coalition joined by See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VI. of France, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I. of See also:England and the See also:emperor Lothar. Mean-while the forces of revolt in See also:South Italy See also:drew to a See also:head again. The rebels under Ranulf shamefully defeated the king at Nocera on the 24th of See also:July 1132. Nevertheless, by July 1134 his terrific See also:energy and the savagery of his Saracen troops forced Ranulf, See also:Sergius, duke of Naples, and the rebels to submit, while Robert was expelled from Capua. Meanwhile Lothar's contemplated attack upon Roger had gained the backing of See also:Pisa, See also:Genoa and the See also:Greek emperor, all of whom feared the growth of a powerful Norman See also:kingdom. In February 1137 Lothar began to move south and was joined by Ranulf and the rebels; in June he besieged and took Bari. At See also:San Severino, after a victorious See also:campaign, he and the pope jointly invested Ranulf as duke of Apulia (Aug. 1137), and the emperor then retired to See also:Germany. Roger, freed from the utmost danger, recovered ground, sacked Capua and forced Sergius to acknowledge him as overlord of Naples. At Rignano the indomitable Ranulf again utterly defeated the king, but in See also:April 1139 Ranulf died, leaving none to oppose Roger, who subdued pitilessly the last of the rebels.
The death of Anacletus (25 See also:Jan. 1138) determined Roger to seek the See also:confirmation of his See also:title from Innocent. The latter, invading the kingdom with a large See also:army, was skilfully ambushed at Galuccio on the Garigliano (22 July 1139). This secured the king's See also:object; on the 25th July the pope invested him as " Rex Siciliae ducatus Apuliae et principatus Capuae." The boundaries of the " regno" were finally fixed, by a truce with the pope in See also:October 1144, at a See also:line south of the Tronto and See also:east of See also:Terracina and Ceprano.
Roger, now become one of the greatest See also:kings in See also:Europe, made Sicily the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean. A powerful See also:fleet was built up under several " admirals," or
" emirs," of whom the greatest was See also:George of See also:Antioch, formerly in the service of the Moslem See also:prince of El Mehdia. Mainly by him a See also:series of conquests were made on the See also:African See also:coast (1135—53) which reached from See also:Tripoli to Cape See also:Bona. The second crusade (1147—48) gave Roger an opportunity to revive Robert Guiscard's designs on the Greek See also:Empire. George was sent to See also:Corinth at the end of 1147 and despatched an army inland which plundered See also:Thebes. In June 1149 the See also:admiral appeared before See also:Constantinople and defied the Basileus by firing arrows against the See also:palace windows. The attack on the empire had, however, no abiding results. The king died at Palermo on the 26th of February 1154, and was succeeded by his See also:fourth son William.
Personally Roger was of tall and powerful See also:body, with long See also:fair See also:hair and full See also:- BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
- BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)
beard. " He had," says Romnald of Salerno, " a See also:lion See also:face, and spoke with a harsh See also:voice." With little or none of Robert Guiscard's See also:personal valour, and living at intervals the See also:life of an eastern See also:Sultan, he yet showed to the full his See also:uncle's audacity, See also:diplomatic skill and determination. It is Roger II.'s distinction to have See also:united all the Norman See also:con-quests into one kingdom and to have subjected them to a See also:government scientific, personal and centralized. The principles of this are found in the Assizes of the kingdom of Sicily, promulgated at Ariano in 1140, which enforced an almost See also:absolute royal power. At Palermo Roger drew See also:round him distinguished men of various races, such as the famous Arab geographer See also:Idrisi and the historian Nilus Doxopatrius. The king's active and curious mind welcomed the learned; he maintained a See also:complete See also:toleration for the several See also:creeds, races and See also:languages of his See also:realm ; he was served by men of See also:nationality so dissimilar as the Englishman See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Brun, a kaid of the See also:Curia, and, in the fleet, by the renegade Moslem Christodoulos, and the Antiochene George, whom he made in 1132 " amiratus amiratorum," in effect See also:prime See also:vizier. The See also:Capella Palatina, at Palermo, the most wonderful of Roger's churches, with Norman doors, Saracenic See also:arches, See also:Byzantine See also:dome, and roof adorned with Arabic scripts, is perhaps the most striking product of the brilliant and mixed See also:civilization over which the grandson of the Norman Trancred ruled.
Contemporary authors are: Falco of Benevento, See also:Alexander of Telese, Romuald of Salerno and See also:Hugo Falcandus, all in the Scrittori e cronisti napoletani, ed. Del Re, vol. i. See also E. Caspar, Roger II. and See also:die Grfindung der normannisch-sicilischen Monarchie (See also:Innsbruck, 1904). (E.
End of Article: ROGER II
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!