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curve extending from the shoe of one trawl-head to that of the other, the centre of the curve or "bosom," as it is called, being at a considerable distance behind the beam. The usual See also:

RULE

rule in See also:

ENGLISH

English trawls is for the distance between the beam and the centre of the bosom to be about the same as the length of the beam. In See also:

French trawls this distance is generally much less; but in all cases the beam and back of the net must pass over a considerable space of ground when the trawl is at See also:

WORK

work before the See also:

fish are disturbed by much of the lower margin of the net.

This lower edge of the mouth of the trawl is fastened to and protected by the " ground-rope," which is made of an old See also:

HAWSER

hawser " rounded " or covered with small rope to keep it from chafing, and to make it heavier. The ends of the ground-rope are fastened at each See also:

side by a few turns round the back of the trawl-heads, just above the shoe, and the rope itself rests on the ground throughout its entire curve. The fish which may be disturbed by it have therefore no See also:

CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape at either the sides or See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the net unless they can pass through the meshes, and as the outlet under the beam is a See also:

long way past them, and is steadily moving on, sooner or later they mostly pass over the ground-rope and find their way into the See also:

FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel-shaped end of the net, from which a small See also:

VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve of netting prevents their return. It must not be supposed, of course, that all fishes entering a trawl are retained in it. Numerous investigations have been made into the See also:

SIZE

size and number of the various See also:

SPECIES

species of fish which get through the meshes of the trawl, by lacing small-See also:

MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

meshed netting over the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary net, and examining the fish remaining in this See also:

OUTER

outer net. Fish are found to escape all parts of the net, but chiefly the " batings, " i.e. the part of the net where it is narrowing to the " See also:

cod end "; and as the chance of escape depends on the size and shape of the fish, and the mesh of the net, it is naturally found that the maximum size of the individuals which can escape in any See also:

numbers differs in different species. If small fish are on the ground, the See also:

TOTAL

total number escaping is, however, in all cases very large, frequently greatly exceeding the number caught. This is for the most part desirable, the fish being of a size to render them of but little value to the fishermen or to the public. It is in any See also:

case inevitable, since a full-sized trawl made entirely of small-mesh would offer so See also:

GREAT

great a resistance to the See also:

WATER

water as to be unworkable. The ground-rope bears directly on the ground, and to prevent the possibility of the fish passing under it, the rope should have some See also:

WEIGHT

weight in it so as to " bite " well, or See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press the ground closely. It is, however, always made of old material, so that it may break in case of getting foul of rocks or such other chance obstruction as may be met with on the generally smooth ground where the trawl can only be worked with See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage. If in such a contingency the rope were so strong and good as not to break, there would be serious danger of the See also:

tow-rope snapping, and then the whole apparatus might be lost; but the ground-rope giving way enables the net to be cleared and hauled up with probably no more damage to it than the broken rope and perhaps some torn netting.

The remaining part of the trawl, extending from the bosom to the extreme end, forms a See also:

COMPLETE

complete bag gradually diminishing in breadth to within about the last to ft., which part is called the " cod or See also:

PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse," and is closed by a draw-rope or " cod-See also:

LINE

line " at the extremity when the net is being used. To avoid the See also:

ABRASION (from Lat. ab, off, and radere, to scrape)

abrasion of the under part of the cod-end pressed by the weight of fish against the stones and shells of the See also:

sea-bottom, stout pieces of old net are laced across beneath it in parallel strips. These strips thus trail beneath the trawl and protect it. They constitute the " rubbers " or " false belly." The cod-end is the See also:

general receptacle for the various fishes which enter the net; and when the trawl is hauled up and got on See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, the draw-rope is See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast off and the fish all fall out on the See also:

DECK

deck. It has been mentioned that the See also:

BODY

body of the net tapers away to the entrance to the purse. It is at this point the opening of the pockets are placed ; and they are so arranged that the fish pockets. having passed into the purse, and then seeking to escape by returning along its sides, are See also:

PRETTY

pretty sure to go into the pockets, which extend for a length of about 15 or 16 ft. along the inner side of the body of the net, and there, the more they try to press for-See also:

ward, the more tightly they become packed, as the pockets gradually narrow away to nothing at their upper or front extremity. These pockets are not See also:

SEPARATE

separate parts of the trawl, but are made by merely lacing together the back and belly of the net, beginning close to the margin or side nearly on a level with the bosom, and then being carried on with slowly increasing breadth backward as far as the entrance to the purse. At this point the breadth of the net is divided into " Trawl " is from O. Fr. trauler, to go hither and thither; three nearly equal spaces, the central one being the opening from " troll," now used of See also:

DRAWING

drawing a line along the See also:

SURFACE

surface of the water the See also:

main body of the net into the purse, or general receptacle for from a See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat, is from the variant O. Fr. troller, mod. troler, to See also:

lead, the fish, which must all pass through it, and those on each side being See also:

DRAG (from the Old Eng. dragan, to draw; the word preserves the g which phonetically developed into w)

drag about. the mouths of the pockets facing the opposite direction. The central See also:

government from See also:

BANJALUKA (sometimes written BANIALUKA, or BAINALUKA)

Banjaluka, which was dangerously near the Hungarian frontier, and the See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

GOVERNORS

governors, officially styled " valis of Hungary," ruled in Travnik from 1686 to 185o. Several interesting villages, none containing more than a few See also:

HUNDRED

hundred inhabitants, are grouped together, near 1 ravnik.

Prozor, with its ruined citadel, which withstood the Turkish advance until the beginning of the 16th century, when almost the whole of Bosnia had been enslaved, was then the capital of the princes of Rama, a See also:

DISTRICT

district lying See also:

north-See also:

west of the Narenta. The thermal station of Kiseljak, where the Fojnica and Lepenica See also:

rivers meet, is a cluster of old-fashioned Turkish villas, with a See also:

CASINO (diminutive of casa, a house)

casino, See also:

BATHS

baths, barracks, hotels and See also:

park. In 1396, Tvrtko I. of Bosnia granted the See also:

PRIVILEGE

privilege of See also:

SILVER

silver-See also:

MINING

mining here to the Ragusans. Remains of old workings may still be seen. Kresevo, 5 m. N.N.E., is likewise See also:

rich in See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

cinnabar, quicksilver and the argentiferous load which was worked by the See also:

SAXONS

Saxons in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages. The citadel of Zahor, or Gradina, now a ruin, guarded the mines. Bugojno, on the Vrbas, is a picturesque See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, with a large See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

trade. The Franciscan monastery of Fojnica, 18 m. See also:

east, is the largest and wealthiest See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in Bosnia. Its See also:

BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

church is full of ancient ornaments and See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics. The archives contain many valuable See also:

MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, including a See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter bestowed on the monks, in 1463 by the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet II.

End of Article: TRAVNIK

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