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See also:WLADISLAUS II ., JAGIELLO (1350-1434), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland, was one of the twelve sons of See also:Olgierd, See also:grand-See also:duke of Lithuania, whom he succeeded in 1377. From the very beginning of his reign Jagiello was involved in disputes with the See also:Teutonic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order, and with his See also:uncle, the valiant Kiejstut, who ruled Samogitia independently. By the treaty of Dawidyszek (See also:June 1, 138o) he contracted an See also:alliance with the knights, and two years later, acting on the See also:advice of his evil counsellor, Wojdyllo, enticed Kiejstut and his See also:consort to Krewo and there treacherously murdered them (Aug. 15, 1382). This foul See also:deed naturally drove See also:Witowt (q.v.), the son of Kiejstut, into the arms of the Order; but both princes speedily recognized that the knights were the real enemies of Lithuania, and prudently composing their See also:differences invaded Prussian territory. This was the beginning of the fifty years' struggle with the Teutonic Order which was to make the reign of Jagiello so memorable. He looked about him betimes for See also:allies against the See also:common enemy of the See also:Slavonic races, and See also:fortune singularly favoured him. The Poles had brought their See also:young See also:queen Jadwiga See also:home from See also:Hungary, and in 1384 Jagiello sent a magnificent See also:embassy to See also:Cracow offering her his See also:hand on See also:condition that they shared the See also:Polish See also:crown. Jadwiga had See also:long been betrothed to See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of See also:Austria; but she sacrificed her predilections for her See also:country's See also:good. On the 15th of See also:February 1386 Jagiello, who had previously been elected king of Poland under the See also:title of Wladislaus II., accepted the See also:Roman faith in the See also:cathedral of Cracow, and on the 18th his espousals with Queen Jadwiga were solemnized.
Jagiello's first See also:political See also:act after his See also:coronation was the See also:conversion of Lithuania to the true See also:religion. This See also:solemn act was accomplished at See also:Vilna, the Lithuanian See also:capital, on the 17th of February 1387, when a stately concourse of nobles and prelates,
headed by the king, proceeded to the See also:grove of See also:secular oaks beneath which stood the statue of Perkunos and other idols, and in the presence of an immense multitude hewed down the oaks, destroyed the idols, extinguished the sacred See also:fire and elevated the See also:cross on the desecrated See also:heathen altars, 30,000 See also:Lithuanians receiving See also:Christian See also:baptism. A See also:Catholic See also:hierarchy was immediately set up. A Polish Franciscan, See also:Andrew Wassilo, was consecrated as the first Catholic See also:bishop of Vilna, and Lithuania was divided ecclesiastically into seven dioceses. Mainly on the initiative of Queen Jadwiga, Red See also:Russia with its capital the See also:great trading See also:city of See also:Lemberg was persuaded to acknowledge the dominion of Poland; and there on the 27th of See also:September 1387 the hospodars of See also:Walachia and See also:Moldavia for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time voluntarily enrolled themselves among the vassals of Poland.
With See also:savage Lithuania converted and in See also:close alliance with Catholic Poland, the Teutonic Order was seriously threatened. The knights endeavoured to re-establish their position by See also:sowing dissensions between Poland and Lithuania. In this for a time they succeeded (see WITOwT); but in 1401 Jagiello recognized Witowt as See also:independent grand-duke of Lithuania (See also:union of Vilna, See also:January 18, 1401), and their union was cemented in the See also:battle of See also:Grunewald, which shook the whole fabric of the Teutonic Order to its very See also:foundations. Henceforth a remarkable See also:change in the whole policy of the Order was apparent. The struggle was no longer for dominion but for existence. Fortunate for them, in Jagiello they possessed an equally cautious and pacific opponent. Wladislaus II., in See also:sharp contrast to Witowt, was of anything but a See also:martial temperament. He never swerved from his See also:main See also:object, to unite Poland and Lithuania against the dangerous denationalizing See also:German influences which environed him. But he would take no risks and always preferred See also:craft to violence. Hence his leaning upon the See also:holy see in all his disputes with his neighbours. Hence, too, his moderation at the See also:peace of See also:Thorn (1st of February 1411), when the knights skilfully extricated themselves from their difficulties by renouncing their pretensions to Samogitia, restoring Dobrzyn and paying a See also:war See also:indemnity; Jagiello was content to discredit them rather than provoke them to a war a outrance. Equally skilful was Jagiello's long See also:diplomatic See also:duel with the See also:emperor See also:Sigismund, then the disturbing See also:element of Central See also:Europe, who aimed at the remodelling of the whole See also:continent and was responsible for the first projected See also:partition of Poland.
Jagiello was married four times. At the dying See also:request of the childless Jadwiga he espoused a Styrian See also:lady, Maria Cillei, who See also:bore him a daughter, also called Jadwiga. His third wife, See also:Elizabeth Grabowska, died without issue, and the question of the See also:succession then became so serious that Jagiello's advisers counselled him to betroth his daughter to See also:Frederick of See also:Hohenzollern, who was to be educated in Poland as the See also:heir to the See also:throne. But in 1422 Jagiello himself solved the difficulty by See also:wedding Sonia, princess of See also:Vyazma, a See also:Russian lady rechristened See also:Sophia, who bore him two sons, Wladislaus and Casimir, both of whom ultimately succeeded him. Jagiello died at Grodko near Lemberg in 1434.. During his reign of See also:half a See also:century Poland had risen to the See also:rank of a great See also:power, a position she was to retain for nearly two See also:hundred years under the See also:dynasty which Jagiello had founded.
See See also:August Sokolowski, See also:History of Poland, .vol. i.
End of Article: WLADISLAUS II
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