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BASTIDE (Provencal bastida, building)

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Originally appearing in Volume V03, Page 502 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BASTIDE (Provencal bastida, See also:building) , a word applied to the fortified towns founded in See also:south-western- See also:France in the See also:middle ages, and corresponding to the villes neuves of See also:northern France. They were established by the abbeys, the nobles and the See also:crown, frequently by two of these authorities in co-operation, and were intended to serve as defensive posts and centres of See also:population for sparsely-inhabited districts. In addition, they formed a source of See also:revenue and See also:power for their founders, who on their See also:part conceded liberal charters to the new towns. They were built on a rectangular See also:plan, with a large central square and straight thoroughfares See also:running at right angles or parallel to one another, this uniformity of construction being well exemplified in the existing bastide of Monpazier (See also:Dordogne) founded by the See also:English in 1284. Mont-de-Marsan, the See also:oldest of the bastides, was founded in 1141, and the See also:movement for See also:founding them lasted during the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries, attaining its height between 1250 and 1350. See E. See also:Henault, See also:Les Vales Neuves, leur origin et leur See also:influence daps le mouvement communal (See also:Paris, 1868) ; See also:Curie-Seimbres, Essai See also:sus les villes forages clans le sud-ouest de la France sous le nom de bastides (See also:Toulouse, 1880). BASTILN-LEPAGE, JULES (1848-1884), See also:French painter, was See also:born in the See also:village of Damvillers, See also:Meuse, France, on the 1st of See also:November 1848 and spent his childhood there. He first studied at See also:Verdun, and prompted'bya love of See also:art went in 1867 'to Paris, where he was admitted to the lcole See also:des See also:Beaux-arts, working under See also:Cabanel. After exhibiting in the Salons of 187o and 1872 See also:works which attracted n0 See also:attention, in 1874 he made his See also:mark with his'" See also:Song of See also:Spring," a study of rural See also:life, representing a See also:peasant girl sitting on a knoll looking down on a village. His " Portrait of my Grandfather," exhibited in the same See also:year, was not less remarkable for its artless simplicity and received a third-class See also:medal. This success was conirmed in 1875 by the " First Communion," a picture of a little girl minutely worked up as to See also:colour, and a " Portrait of M.

Hayem:" In 1875 he took the second Prix de See also:

Rome with his " Angels appearing to the Shepherds," exhibited again in 1878. His next endeavour to win the See also:Grand Prix de Rome in 1876 with " See also:Priam at the Feet of See also:Achilles " was again unsuccessful (it is in the See also:Lille See also:gallery), and the painter determined to return to See also:country life. To the See also:Salon of 1877 he sent 'a full-length " Portrait of See also:Lady L." and " My Parents " and in 1878 a "Portrait of M. See also:Theuriet" and "The Hayfield." The last picture, now in the Luxembourg, is regarded as a typical 'See also:work from its See also:stamp of realistic truth. Thenceforth Bastien-Lepage was recognized' in France as the See also:leader of a school, and his " Portrait of 'Mme Sarah See also:Bernhardt " (1879), painted in a See also:light See also:key, won him the See also:cross of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour. In 188o he exhibited a small portrait of M. See also:Andrieux and " See also:Joan of Arc listening to the Voices "; and in the same year, at the Royal See also:Academy, the little portrait of the " See also:Prince of See also:Wales." In 1881 he painted " The See also:Beggar " and the "-Portrait of See also:Albert See also:Wolf "; in 1882 "Le Pere Jacques "; in 1883 "Love in a Village," in which we find some trace of See also:Courbet's influence. His last dated work is " The Forge " (1884). The artist, See also:long ailing, had tried in vain to re-establish his See also:health in See also:Algiers. I He died in Paris on the loth of See also:December 1884, when planning a new See also:series of rural subjects. Among his more important works may also be mentioned the portrait of " Mme J. See also:Drouet" (1883); " See also:Gambetta on his See also:death-See also:bed," and some landscapes; " The Vintage " (188o), and The See also:Thames at See also:London "(1882).

" The Little See also:

Chimney-Sweep " was never finished. An See also:exhibition of his collected works was opened in See also:March and See also:April x.885. See A. Theuriet, Bastien-Lepage (1885—English edition, 1892); L. de Fourcaud, Bastien-Lepage (1885). (H.

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BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

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