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See also:BELA IV . (1206-1270), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Hungary, was the son of See also:Andrew II., whom he succeeded in 1235. During his See also:father's lifetime he had greatly distinguished himself by his See also:administration of Transylvania, then a See also:wilderness, which, with incredible See also:patience and See also:energy, he colonized and christianized. He repaired as far as possible the ruinous effects of his father's wastefulness, but on his See also:accession found everything in the utmost confusion, " the See also:great lords," to cite the old chronicler Rogerius (c. 1223–1266), " having so greatly enriched themselves that the king was brought to naught." The whole See also:land was full of violence, the very bishops storming See also:rich monasteries at the See also:head of armed retainers. Bela resolutely put down all disorder. He increased the dignity of the See also:crown by introducing a stricter See also:court See also:etiquette, and its See also:wealth by recovering those of the royal domains which the magnates had appropriated during the troubles of the last reign. The See also:pope, naturally on the See also:side of See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, staunchlysupported this regenerator of the See also:realm, and in his own See also:brother See also:Coloman, who administered the See also:district of the See also:Drave, Bela also found a loyal and intelligent co-operator. He also largely employed See also:Jews and Ishmaelites,l the See also:financial specialists of the See also:day, whom he rewarded with lands and titles. The salient event of Bela's reign was the terrible Tatar invasion which reduced three-quarters of Hungary to ashes. The terror of their name had See also:long preceded them, and Bela, in 1235 or 1236, sent the Dominican See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk See also:Julian, by way of See also:Constantinople, to See also:Russia, to collect See also:information about them from the " See also:ancient See also:Magyars " settled there, possibly the Volgan Bulgarians. He returned to Hungary with the tidings that the See also:Tatars contemplated the immediate See also:conquest of See also:Europe. Bela did his utmost to See also:place his See also:kingdom in a See also:state of See also:defence, and appealed betimes to the pope, the See also:duke of See also:Austria and the See also:emperor for assistance; but in See also:February and See also:March 1241 the Tatars burst through the Carpathian passes; in See also:April Bela himself, after a gallant stand, was routed on the See also:banks of the See also:Saki and fled to the islands of See also:Dalmatia; and for the next twelve months the kingdom of Hungary was merely a See also:geographical expression. The last twenty-eight years of Bela's reign were mainly devoted to the reconstruction of his realm, which he accomplished with a single-minded thoroughness which has covered his name with See also:glory. (See HUNGARY: See also:History.)
Perhaps the most difficult See also:part of his task was the recovery of the western portions of the kingdom (which had suffered least) from the hands of See also:Frederick of Austria, who had seized them as the See also:price of assistance which had been promised but never given. First Bela solicited the aid of the pope, but was compelled finally to resort to arms, and See also:crossing the Leitha on the r5th of See also:June 1246, routed Frederick, who was seriously wounded and trampled to See also:death by his own horsemen. With him was extinguished the male See also:line of the See also:house of See also:Babenberg. In the See also:south Bela was less successful. In 1243 he was obliged to cede to See also:Venice, See also:Zara, a perpetual See also:apple of discord between the two states; but he kept his hold upon See also:Spalato and his other Dalmatian possessions, and his See also:wise policy of religious tolerance in Bosnia enabled Hungary to See also:rule that See also:province peaceably for many years. The new Servian kingdom of the Nemanides, on the other See also:hand, gave him much trouble and was the occasion of many bloody See also:wars. In 1261 the Tatars under Nogai See also:Khan invaded Hungary for the second See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, but were defeated by Bela and lost 50,000 men. Bela reached the apogee of his See also:political greatness in 1264 when, shortly after his crushing defeat of the Servian king, See also:Stephen L'rosh, he entertained at his court, at See also:Kalocsa, the ambassadors of the newly restored See also:Greek emperor, of the See also:kings of See also:France, See also:Bulgaria and Bohemia and three Tatar rnirzas. For a time Bela was equally fortunate in the See also:north-See also:west,where the ambitious and enterprising Piemyslidae had erected a new Bohemian See also:empire which absorbed the territories of the old Babenbergers and was very menacing to Hungary. With Ottakar II. in particular, Bela was almost constantly at See also:war for the See also:possession of See also:Styria, which ultimately See also:fell to the Bohemians. The last years of Bela's See also:life were embittered by the ingratitude of his son Stephen, who rebelled continuously against his father and ultimately compelled him to See also:divide the kingdom with him, the younger See also:prince setting up a See also:capital of his own at Sarospatak, and following a See also:foreign policy directly contrary to that of his father. Bela died on the 3rd of May 1270 in his sixty-See also:fourth See also:year. With the See also:people at large he was popular to the last; his services to his See also:country had been inestimable. He married, while still crown-prince, Maria, daughter of the Nicaean emperor, See also:Theodore See also:Lascaris, whom his own father brought See also:home with him from his crusade. She See also:bore him, besides his two sons Stephen and Bela, seven daughters, of whom St See also:Margaret was the most famous.
No See also:special monograph for the whole reign exists. For the Tatar invasion see the contemporary Rogerius, Epistolae super destructione Regni Hungariae per Tartaros facia (See also:Budapest, 1885). A vivid but somewhat chauvinistic history of Bela's reign will be found in Acsady's History of the Hungarian Realm (Hung.), i. 2 (Budapest, 1903). (R. N. B.)
1 See also:Mahommedan itinerant chapmen, from the See also:Volga.
End of Article: BELA IV
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