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town. Espousing the principles of the Revolution in 1789, he was commissioned by the noblesse of the province to draw up the cahier (statement of principles and grievances); and the senechaussee of Montpellier elected him See also:

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy to the states-See also:

general of See also:

VERSAILLES

Versailles; but the See also:

election was annulled on a technical point. Nevertheless in 1792 the new See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

HERAULT

Herault, in which Montpellier is situated, sent him as one of its deputies to the See also:

Convention which assembled and proclaimed the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1792. In the strife which soon See also:

broke out between the Girondins and the See also:

JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins he took no decided See also:

PART

part, but occupied himself mainly with the legal and legislative See also:

WORK

work which went on almost without intermission even during the Terror. The See also:

ACTION

action of Cambaceres at the time of the trial of See also:

Louis XVI. (See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 25, 1792–January 20, 1793) was characteristic of his habits of thought. At first he protested against the erection of the Convention into a tribunal in these words: " The See also:

PEOPLE

people has chosen you to be legislators; it has not appointed you as See also:

JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges." He also demanded that the See also:

king should have due facilities for his See also:

defence. Nevertheless, when the trial proceeded, he voted with the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority which declared Louis to be guilty, but recommended that the See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty should be postponed until the cessation of hostilities, and that the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence should then be ratified by the Convention or by some other legislative See also:

BODY

body. It is therefore inexact to See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count him among the regicides, as was done by the royalists after 1815.

See also:

Early in 1793 he became a member of the See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of General Defence, but he did not take part in the work of its more famous successor, the Committee of Public Safety, until the See also:

close of the See also:

YEAR

year 1794. In the meantime he had done much useful work, especially that of laying down, conjointly with See also:

Merlin of See also:

DOUAI

Douai, the principles on which the legislation of the revolutionary See also:

EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch should be codified. At the close of 1794 he also used his tact and eloquence on behalf of the restoration of the surviving Girondins to the Convention, from which they had been driven by the coup d'etat of the 31st of May 1793. In the course of the year 1795, as See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Committee of Public Safety, and as responsible especially for See also:

FOREIGN

foreign affairs, he was largely instrumental in bringing about See also:

peace with See also:

Spain. Nevertheless, not being a See also:

REGICIDE (Lat. rex, a king, and caedere, to kill)

regicide, he was not appointed to be one of the five See also:

DIRECTORS

Directors to whom the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of public • affairs was entrusted after the coup d'etat of Vendemiaire 1795; but, as before, his See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment and of tactful debating soon carried him to the front in the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Five See also:

HUNDRED

Hundred. The moderation of his views brought him into opposition to the Directors after the coup d'etat of Fructidor (September 1797), and for a time he retired into private See also:

LIFE

life. Owing, however, to the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Sieyes, he became See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice in See also:

JULY

July 1799. He gave a guarded support to See also:

BONAPARTE

Bonaparte and Sieyes in their enterprise of overthrowing the See also:

DIRECTORY

Directory (coup d'etat of See also:

BRUMAIRE

Brumaire 1799). After a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

INTERVAL

interval Cambaceres was, by the constitution of December 1799, appointed second See also:

consul of France—a position which he owed largely to his vast legal knowledge and to the conviction which Sieyes entertained of his value as a manipulator of public assemblies. It is impossible here to describe in detail his relations to See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and the part which he played in the See also:

DRAWING

drawing up of the See also:

CIVIL

Civil See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

Code, later on called the Code Napoleon. It must suffice to say that the skilful intervention of Cambaceres helped very materially to ensure to Napoleon the consulship for life (See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1, 1802); but the second consul is known to have disapproved of some of the events which followed, notably the See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the duc d'See also:

Enghien, the rupture with See also:

England, and the See also:

PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the See also:

EMPIRE

Empire (May 19, 1804). This last occurrence ended his See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of second consul; it was replaced by that of See also:

arch-chancellor of the Empire.

To him was decreed the presidence of the See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate in See also:

PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity. He also became a See also:

prince of the Empire and received in 1808 the title duke of Parma. Apart from the important part which he took in helping to co-See also:

ORDINATE

ordinate and draft the Civil Code, Cambaceres did the See also:

state See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service in many directions, notably by seeking to curb the impetuosity of the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and to prevent enterprises so fatal as the intervention in See also:

SPANISH

Spanish affairs (1808) and the invasion of See also:

Russia (1812) proved to be. At the close of the See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1814 he shared with See also:

Joseph Bonaparte the responsibility for some of the actions which zealous Bonapartists have deemed injurious to the fortunes of the emperor. In 1815, during the Hundred Days, he took up his duties reluctantly at the bidding of Napoleon; and after the second downfall of his See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, he See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the brunt of royalist vengeance, being for a time exiled from See also:

France. A See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of 13th May 1818 restored him to his civil rights as a See also:

CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of France; but the last six years of his life he spent in retirement. He was a member of the See also:

Academy till the 31st of See also:

March 1816, when a decree of exclusion was passed. In demeanour he was quiet, reserved and tactful, but when occasion called for it he proved himself a brilliant orator. He was a celebrated See also:

GOURMET

gourmet, and his dinners were utilized by Napoleon as a useful See also:

ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct to the arts of statecraft. See A. Aubriet, See also:

Vie de Cambaceres (2nd ed., See also:

Paris, 1825). (J.

HL.

End of Article: CAMBACERES, JEAN JACQUES REGIS DE

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