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See also:CHANGARNIER, See also:NICOLAS See also:ANNE THEODULE (1793–1877) , See also:French See also:general, was See also:born at See also:Autun on the 26th of See also:April 1793. Educated at St Cyr, he served for a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in the bodyguard of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII., and entered the See also:line as a See also:lieutenant in See also:January 1815. He achieved distinction in the See also:Spanish See also:campaign of 1823, and became See also:captain in 1825. In 183o he entered the Royal Guard and was sent to See also:Africa, where he took See also:part in the See also:Mascara expedition. Promoted commandant in 1835, he distinguished himself under See also:Marshal See also:Clausel in the campaign against Ahmed See also:Pasha, See also:bey of See also:Constantine, and became lieutenant-See also:colonel in 1837. The part he took in the, expedition of Portes-de-Fer gained him a colonelcy, and his success against the Hajutas and See also:Kabyles, the See also:cross of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour. Three more years of brilliant service in Africa won for him the See also:rank of marechal de See also:camp in 1840, and of lieutenant-general in 1843. In 1847 he held the See also:Algiers divisional command. He visited See also:France See also:early in 1848, assisted the provisional See also:government to establish See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, and returned to Africa in May to succeed General See also:Cavaignac in the government of See also:Algeria. He was speedily recalled on his See also:election to the general See also:assembly for the See also:department of the See also:Seine, and received the command of the See also:National Guard of See also:Paris, to which was added soon afterwards that of the troops in Paris, altogether nearly See also:Ioo,o00 men. He held a high See also:place and exercised See also:great See also:influence in the complicated politics of the next two years. In 1849 he received the See also:grand cross of the Legion of Honour. An avowed enemy of republican institutions, he held a unique position in upholding the See also:power of the See also:president; but in January 1851 he opposed Louis See also:Napoleon's policy, was in consequence deprived of his See also:double command, and at the coup d'etat in See also:December was arrested and sent to Mazas, until his banishment from France by the See also:decree of the 9th of January 1852. He returned to France after the general See also:amnesty, and resided in his See also:estate in the department of See also:Saone-et-See also:Loire. In 187o he held no command, but was See also:present with the headquarters, and afterwards with See also:Bazaine in See also:Metz. He was employed on an unsuccessful See also:mission to See also:Prince See also:Frederick See also:Charles, commanding the See also:German See also:army which besieged Metz, and on the See also:capitulation became a prisoner of See also:war. At the See also:armistice he returned to Paris, and in 1871 was elected to the National Assembly by four departments, and sat for the See also:Somme. He took an active part in politics, defended the conduct of Marshal Bazaine, and served on the See also:committee which elaborated the monarchical constitution. When the See also:comte de See also:Chambord refused the See also:compromise, he moved the See also:resolution to extend the executive power for ten years to Marshal See also:MacMahon. He was elected a See also:life senator in 1875. He died in Paris on the 14th of See also:February 1877.
CHANG-CHOW, a See also:town of See also:China, in the See also:province of Fu-kien, on a See also:branch of the See also:Lung Kiang, 35 M. W. of See also:Amoy. It is surrounded by a See also:wall 41 M. in circumference, which, however, includes a See also:good See also:deal of open ground. The streets are pave d with See also:granite, but are very dirty. The See also:river is crossed by a curious See also:bridge, Soo ft. See also:long, constructed of wooden planks supported on twenty-five piles of stones about 30 ft. apart. The See also:city is a centre of the See also:silk-See also:trade, and carries on an extensive See also:commerce in different directions. See also:Brick-See also:works and See also:sugar-factories are among its See also:chief
See also:industrial establishments. Its See also:population is estimated at about
1,000,000.
End of Article: CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS ANNE THEODULE (1793–1877)
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