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CIRCAR

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Originally appearing in Volume V06, Page 380 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CIRCAR , an See also:

Indian See also:term applied to the component parts of a subah or See also:province, each of which is administered by a See also:deputy-See also:governor. In See also:English it is principally employed in the name of the See also:NORTHERN CIRCARS, used to designate a now obsolete See also:division of the See also:Madras See also:presidency, which consisted of a narrow slip of territory lying along the western See also:side of the See also:Bay of See also:Bengal from 150 40' to 200 17' N. See also:lat. These Northern Circars were five in number, See also:Chicacole, See also:Rajahmundry, See also:Ellore, Kondapalli and Guntur, and their See also:total See also:area was about 30,000 sq. m. The See also:district corresponds in the See also:main to the See also:modern districts of See also:Kistna, See also:Godavari, See also:Vizagapatam, See also:Ganjam and a See also:part of See also:Nellore. It was first invaded by the Mahommedans in 1471; in 1541 they conquered Kondapalli, and nine years later they extended their conquests over all Guntur and the districts of See also:Masulipatam. But the invaders appear to have acquired only an imperfect See also:possession of the See also:country, as it was again wrested from the See also:Hindu princes of See also:Orissa about the See also:year 1571, during the reign of See also:Ibrahim, of the Kutb Shahi See also:dynasty of See also:Hyderabad or See also:Golconda. In 1687 the Circars were added, along with the See also:empire of Hyderabad, to the extensive empire of See also:Aurangzeb. Salabat Jang, the son of the See also:nizam ul mulk Asaf Jah, who was indebted for his See also:elevation to the See also:throne to the See also:French See also:East See also:India See also:Company, granted them in return for their services the district of Kondavid or Guntur, and soon afterwards the other Circars. In 1759, by the See also:conquest of the fortress of Masulipatam, the dominion of the maritime provinces on both sides, from the See also:river Gundlakamma to the Chilka See also:lake, was necessarily transferred from the French to the See also:British. But the latter See also:left them under the See also:administration of the nizam, with the exception of the See also:town and fortress of Masulipatam, which were retained by the English East India Company. In 1765 See also:Lord See also:Clive obtained from the See also:Mogul See also:emperor Shah Alam a See also:grant of the five Circars. Hereupon the fort of Kondapalli was seized by the British, and on the 12th of See also:November 1766 a treaty of See also:alliance was signed with Nizam See also:Ali by which the Company, in return for the grant of the Circars, undertook to maintain troops for the nizam's assistance.

By a second treaty, signed on the 1st of See also:

March 1768, the nizam acknowledged the validity of Shah Alam's grant and resigned the Circars to the Company, receiving as a See also:mark of friendship an See also:annuity of £50,000. Guntur, as the See also:personal See also:estate of the nizam's See also:brother Basalat Jang, was excepted during his lifetime under both See also:treaties. He died in 1782, but it was not till 1788 that Guntur came under British administration. Finally, in 1823, the claims of the nizam over the Northern Circars were bought outright by the Company, and they became a British possession.

End of Article: CIRCAR

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