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CODINUS, GEORGE[GEORGIOS KODINOS]

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Originally appearing in Volume V06, Page 636 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CODINUS, See also:GEORGE[GEORGIOS KODINOS] , the reputed author of three extant See also:works in See also:Byzantine literature. Their attribution to him is merely a See also:matter of convenience, two of them being See also:anonymous in the See also:MSS. Of Codinus himself nothing is known; it is supposed that he lived towards the end of the 15th See also:century. The works referred to are the following: I. Patria (T a II&rpta r'ijs KwvaravrtvotnrOXews), treating of the See also:history, See also:topography, and monuments of See also:Constantinople. It is divided into five sections: (a) the See also:foundation oft' the See also:city; (b) its situation, limits and topography; (c) its statues, works of See also:art, and other notable See also:sights; (d) its buildings; (e) the construction of the See also:church of St See also:Sophia. It wds written in the reign of See also:Basil II. (976-1025), revised and rearranged under Alexius I. See also:Comnenus (Io81-II18), and perhaps copied by Codinus, whose name it bears in some (later) MSS. The See also:chief See also:sources are: the Patria of See also:Hesychius Illustrius of See also:Miletus, an anonymous (c. 750) brief See also:chronological See also:record (Ilapaar&vets abvro,uot XpovtKal), and an anonymous See also:account (&m'ry ts) of St Sophia (ed. T.

Preger in Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum, fasc. i., 1901, to be followed by the Patric of Codinus). See also:

Procopius, De Aedificiis and the poem of See also:Paulus Silentiarius on the See also:dedication of St Sophia should be read in connexion with this subject. 2. De Oificiis (Ilepi rwv '04¢uuwv), a See also:sketch, written in an unattractive See also:style, of See also:court and higher ecclesiastical dignities and of the ceremonies proper to different occasions. It should be compared with the De Cerimoniis of See also:Constantine Porphyrogenitus. 3. A chronological outline of events from the beginning of the See also:world to the taking of Constantinople by the See also:Turks (called Agarenes in the MS. See also:title). It is of little value. See also:Complete See also:editions are (by I. See also:Bekker) in the See also:Bonn Corpus scriptorum Hist. Byz. (1839-1843, where, however, some sections of the Patric are omitted), and in J.

P. See also:

Migne, Patrologia graeca, See also:civil.; see also C. See also:Krumbacher, Geschtchte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897). See also:COD-See also:LIVER OIL (Oleum Morrhuae, or Oleum Jecoris See also:Aselli), the oil obtained from the liver of the See also:common cod (Gadus morrhua). In the See also:early See also:process for extracting the oil the livers were allowed to putrefy in wooden tubs, when See also:oils of two qualities, one called " See also:pale oil," and the other " See also:light See also:brown oil," successively See also:rose to the See also:surface and were See also:drawn off.' A third oil was obtained by See also:heating the liver-residues to above the boiling-point of See also:water, whereupon a See also:black product, technically called " brown oil," separated. The See also:modern practice consists in heating the perfectly fresh, cleaned livers by See also:steam to a temperature above that of boiling water, or, in more See also:recent practice, to a See also:lower temperature, the livers being kept as far as possible from contact with See also:air. The oils so obtained are termed " steamed-liver oils." The " pale " and " light brown " oils are used in See also:pharmacy; the " brown " oil, the cod oil of See also:commerce, being obtained from putrid and decomposing livers, has an objectionable See also:taste and odour and is largely employed by tanners. By boiling the livers at a somewhat high temperature, " unracked " cod oil is obtained, containing a considerable quantity of " stearine "; this See also:fat, which separates on cooling, is sold as " See also:fish stearine " for See also:soap-making, or as " fish-See also:tallow " for currying. The oil when freed from the stearine is known as " racked oil." " See also:Coast cod oil " is the commercial name for the oil obtained from the livers of various kinds of fish, e.g. See also:hake, See also:ling, See also:haddock, &c. The most important centres of the cod-liver oil See also:industry are Lofoten and See also:Romsdal in See also:Norway; the oil is also prepared in the See also:United States, See also:Canada, See also:Newfoundland, See also:Iceland and See also:Russia; and at one See also:time a considerable quantity was prepared in the See also:Shetland Islands and along the See also:east coast of See also:Scotland. Cod-liver oil contains palmitin, stearin and other more complex glycerides; the " stearin " mentioned above, however, contains very little palmitin and stearin. Several other acids have been identified: P.

M. Meyerdahl obtained 4% of palmitic See also:

acid, 2o% of jecoleic acid, C19H3602, and 20% of therapic acid, C17H26O2; other investigators have recognized jecoric acid, C16H3002, asellic acid, C17H32O2, and physetoleic acid, C16H30902, but some uncertainty attends these last three acids. Therapic and jecoleic acids apparently do not occur elsewhere in the See also:animal See also:kingdom, and it is probable that the therapeutic properties of the oil are associated with the presence of these acids, and not with the small amount of See also:iodine See also:present as was at one time supposed. Other constituents are cholesterol (0.46-1.32%), traces of See also:calcium, See also:magnesium, See also:sodium, See also:chlorine and See also:bromine, and various aliphatic See also:amines which are really secondary products, being formed by the decomposition of the cellular See also:tissue. Cod-liver oil is used externally in See also:medicine when its See also:internal See also:administration is rendered impossible by See also:idiosyncrasy or the See also:state of the patient's digestion. The oil is very readily absorbed from the skin and exerts all its therapeutic actions when thus exhibited. This metfiod is often resorted to in the See also:case of infants or See also:young See also:children suffering from abdominal or other forms of See also:tuberculosis. Its only objection is the odour which the patient exhales. When taken by the mouth, cod-liver oil shares with other liver-oils the See also:property of ready absorption. It often causes unpleasant symptoms, which must always be dealt with and not disregarded, more harm than See also:good being done if this course is not followed. Fortunately a tolerance is soon established in the See also:majority of cases. It has been experimentally proved that this is more readily absorbed than any other oil—including other liver-oils.

Much See also:

attention has been paid to the explanation of this fact, since knowledge on this point might enable an artificial product, without the disadvantages of this oil, to be substituted for it. Very good results have been obtained from a preparation named " lipanin," which consists of six parts of oleic acid and ninety-four of pure olein. Cod-liver oil has the further peculiarity of being more readily oxidizable than any other oil; an obviously valuable property when it is remembered that the entire See also:food-value of oils depends on their oxidation. Cod-liver oil may be given in all wasting diseases, and is occasionally valuable in cases of chronic rheumatoid See also:arthritis; but its See also:great therapeutic value is in cases of tuberculosis of whatever See also:kind, and notably in pulmonary tuberculosis or See also:consumption. Its reputation in this is quite inexpugnable. It is essential to remember that " in See also:phthisis the See also:key of the situation is the state of the alimentary See also:tract," and the utmost care must be taken to obviate the See also:nausea, loss of appetite and See also:diarrhoea, only too easily induced by this oil. It is best to begin with only one dose in the twenty-four See also:hours, to be taken just before going to See also:sleep, so that the patient is saved its unpleasant " repetition " from an unaccustomed See also:stomach. In See also:general, it is therefore See also:wise to See also:order a See also:double dose at bedtime. The oil may be given in capsules, or in the See also:form of an emulsion, with or without See also:malt-See also:extract, or success may be obtained by adding, to every two drachms of the oil, ten minims of pure See also:ether and a drop of See also:peppermint oil. The usual dose, at starting, is one or two drachms, but the oil should be given eventually in the largest quantities that the patient can tolerate.

End of Article: CODINUS, GEORGE[GEORGIOS KODINOS]

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