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ERECHTHEUM , a See also: temple (commonly called after See also:Erechtheus, to whom a portion of it was' dedicated) on the See also:acropolis at See also:Athens, unique in See also:plan, and in its See also:execution the most refined example of the Ionic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order. There is no clear See also:evidence as to when the See also:building was begun, some placing it among the temples projected by See also:Pericles, others assigning it to the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time after the See also:peace of See also:Nicias in 421 B.C. The See also:work was interrupted by the stress of the Peloponnesian See also:War, but in 409 B.C. a See also:commission was appointed to make a See also:report on the See also:state of the building and to undertake its completion,•which was carried out in the following See also:year.
The See also:peculiar plan of the Erechtheum has given rise to much See also:speculation. It may be due partly to the natural conformation of the See also:rock and the See also:differences of level, partly to the See also:necessity of enclosing within a single building several See also:objects of See also:ancient sanctity, such as the See also:mark of See also:Poseidon's See also:trident and the See also:spring that arose from it, the sacred See also:olive See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree of See also:Athena, and the See also:tomb of See also:Cecrops. But there are some features which cannot be soexplained, and which have led See also:Professor W. Dorpfeld and others to believe that the plan, as we now have it, is a modification or abridgment of the See also:original See also:design, due to the same conservative influences as led to the curtailment of the plan of the See also:Propylaea (q.v.).
The building as completed consisted of a temple of the See also:ordinary type, opening by a See also:door and two windows to the See also:east front, before which stood a See also:portico of six Ionic columns. This See also:part was the temple of Athena Polias. Adjoining it on the See also:west was the central chamber, on a See also:lower level; this chamber- was separated by a See also:partition, originally of See also:wood and later of See also:marble, from the western compartment of the temple, which was of peculiar construction. The west end was formed by a See also:wall, on which stood four columns between See also:antae; but the See also:main entrance to this western compartment was through a large and very ornate door-way on the See also:north; and a large Ionic portico, consisting of four columns in the front, and one in the return on each See also:side, was placed in front of this door. At the See also:south end of the western compartment was a smaller door, with steps leading up to the higher level, within a projecting space enclosed by a See also:low wall and covered with a projecting See also:porch carried by six " maidens " or See also:caryatides. The construction of the building at this south-western corner shows that there was some sacred See also: object that
had to be bridged over by a huge See also:block of marble; this we know from See also:inscriptions to have been the Cecropeum or tomb of Cecrops. In the north portico a square hole in the See also:floor, with a corresponding hole in the roof above it, must have given See also:access to another sacred object, the mark of Poseidon's trident in the rock. The sacred olive tree probably stood just outside the temple to the west in the Pandroseion- The Ionic order, as used in this temple, is of the most ornate See also:Attic type. The bases of the columns are either reeded or decorated with a See also:plait-See also:pattern; the See also:capital has the broad channel between the volutes sub-divided by a carefully-profiled incision; and the See also:top of the shafts is ornamented by a broad See also:band of palmette or See also:honeysuckle pattern. A similar band of See also:ornament runs See also:round the top of the walls outside, and at their See also:base is a reeded See also:torus. The See also:frieze consisted of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white marble figures in See also:relief, affixed to a background of See also:black Eleusinian See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone.
The contents of the Erechtheum are described by See also:Pausanias. It contained the ancient See also:image of Athena Polias, and three altars, one to Poseidon and Erechtheus, one to Butes and one to See also:Hephaestus; there were portraits of the See also:family of the Butadae on the walls. Within it was also the See also:gold See also:lamp of See also:Callimachus, which burnt for a year without refilling, and had a See also:chimney in the See also:form of a See also:palm-tree.
The Erechtheum was damaged by a See also:fire, soon after its completion, in 406 B.c., but was repaired See also:early in the following See also:century. The west end appears to have been damaged in See also:Roman times and to have been replaced by the attached columns with
windows between them which appear in old drawings and are still partially extant. It was used as a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church in See also:Christian times, and under See also:Turkish See also:rule as the See also:harem of the See also:governor of Athens. See also: Lord See also:Elgin carried off to See also:London, about 180I–1803, one of the columns of the east portico and one of the caryatides; these were replaced later by terra-See also:cotta casts. During the See also:siege of the Acropolis in 1827, the roof of the north portico was thrown down and the building was otherwise much damaged. It was partially rebuilt between 1838 and 1846; the west front was blown down in a See also:storm in 1852. Since 'goo the project of rebuilding the Erechtheum as far as possible with the original blocks has again been undertaken.
See See also:Stuart, Antiquities of Athens; Inwood, The Erechtheum; H. See also:Forster in Papers of See also:American School at Athens, i. (1882–1883); J. H. See also:Middleton, Plans and Drawings of Athenian Buildings (1900), pls. xiv.-xxii.; E. A. See also:Gardner, Ancient Athens, See also:chap. viii.; W. Dorpfeld, " Der ursprungliche Plan See also:des Erechtheion " In Mitteil. Athen., 1904, p. 1o', taf. 6; G. P. See also: Stevens, " The East Wall of the Erechtheum," in American Journ. See also:Arch., 1906, pls. vi.-ix. (E.
End of Article: ERECHTHEUM
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