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praetor, he obtained the consulship. Flamininus was one of the first and most successful of the rising school of Roman statesmen, the opponents of the narrow patriotism of which See also:

Cato was the type, the disciples of See also:

Greek culture, and the See also:

ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of a wide imperial policy. His winning See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, his polished address, his knowledge of men, his See also:

PERSONAL

personal See also:

FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination, and his intimate knowledge of Greek, all marked him out as the fittest representative of See also:

Rome in the See also:

East. Accordingly, the See also:

province of See also:

MACEDONIA

Macedonia, and the conduct of the See also:

war with See also:

Philip V. of Macedon, in which, after two years, Rome had as yet gained little See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage, were assigned to him. Flamininus modified both the policy and See also:

TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics of his predecessors. After an unsuccessful See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to come to terms, he drove the Macedonians from the valley of the Aous by skilfully turning an impregnable' position. Having thus practically made himself See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Macedonia, he proceeded to See also:

GREECE

Greece, where Philip still had See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies and supporters. The Achaean See also:

LEAGUE

League (q.v.) at once deserted the cause of Macedonia, and Nabis, the See also:

TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant of See also:

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, entered into an See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance with Rome; See also:

ACARNANIA

Acarnania and Bceotia submitted in less than a year, and, with the exception of the See also:

GREAT

great fortresses, Flamininus had the whole of Greece under his See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control.

The demand of the Greeks for the See also:

EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of Macedonian garrisons from Demetrias, See also:

CHALCIS

Chalcis and See also:

Corinth, as the only See also:

GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee for the freedom of Greece, was refused, and negotiations were broken off. Hostilities were renewed in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 197, and Flamininus took the See also:

field supported by nearly the whole of Greece. At Cynoscephalae the Macedonian See also:

PHALANX (Gr. /&Xa'y, , of unknown origin)

phalanx and the Roman See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion for the first See also:

time met in open fight, and the See also:

day decided which nation was to be master of Greece and perhaps of the See also:

WORLD

world. It was a victory of See also:

SUPERIOR

superior tactics. The See also:

LEFT

left wing of the Roman See also:

army was retiring in confusion before the Macedonian right led by Philip in See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, when Flamininus, leaving them to their See also:

FATE

fate, boldly charged the left wing under See also:

NICANOR

Nicanor, which was forming on the heights. Before the left wing had time to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, Flamininus was upon them, and a See also:

MASSACRE

massacre rather than a fight ensued. This defeat was turned into a general rout by a nameless tribune, who collected twenty companies and charged in the See also:

REAR

rear the victorious Macedonian phalanx, which in its pursuit had left the Roman right far behind. Macedonia was now at the See also:

mercy of Rome, but Flamininus contented himself with his previous demands. Philip lost all his See also:

FOREIGN

foreign possessions, but retained his Macedonian See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom almost entire. He was required to reduce his army, to give up all his decked See also:

SHIPS

ships except five, and to pay an See also:

INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity of See also:

LOOT

loot) talents (£244,000). Ten commissioners arrived from Rome to regulate the final terms of See also:

peace, and at the Isthmian See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games a See also:

HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald proclaimed to the assembled crowds that " the Roman See also:

PEOPLE

people, and T. Quinctius their general, having conquered See also:

King Philip and the Macedonians, declare all the Greek states which had been subject to the king henceforward See also:

FREE

free and See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent." Flamininus's last See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act before returning See also:

home was characteristic.

Of the See also:

ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans, who vied with one another in showering upon him honours and rewards, he asked but one personal favour, the redemption of the See also:

ITALIAN

Italian captives who had been sold as slaves in Greece during the Hannibalic War. These, to the number of 1200, were presented to him on the See also:

eve of his departure (spring, 194), and formed the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of his See also:

TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph. In 192, on the rupture between the See also:

Romans and See also:

ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus III. the Great, Flamininus returned to Greece, this time as the See also:

CIVIL

civil representative of Rome. His personal See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and skilful See also:

DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy secured the wavering Achaean states, cemented the alliance with Philip, and contributed mainly to the Roman victory at See also:

THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae (191). In 183 he undertook an See also:

EMBASSY

embassy to Prusias, king of See also:

BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia, to induce him to deliver up See also:

Hannibal, who forestalled his fate by taking See also:

POISON

poison. Nothing more is known of Flamininus, except that, according to See also:

Plutarch, his end was peaceful and happy. There seems no doubt that Flamininus was actuated by a genuine love of Greece and its people. To attribute to him a Machiavellian policy, which foresaw the overthrow of Corinth fifty years later and the See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of See also:

ACHAEA

Achaea into a Roman province, is absurd and disingenuous. There is more force in the See also:

charge that his Hellenic sympathies prevented him from seeing the innate weakness and mutual jealousies of the Greek states of that See also:

period, whose only See also:

hope of peace and safety See also:

lay in submitting to the See also:

PROTECTORATE

protectorate of the Roman See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic. But if the event proved that the liberation of Greece was a See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, it was a See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and generous mistake, and reflects nothing but See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour on the name of Flamininus, " the liberator of the Greeks." His life has been written by Plutarch, and in See also:

MODERN

modern times by F. D. Gerlach (1871); see also See also:

MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. tr.), bk. iii. chs.

8, 9.

End of Article: FLAMININUS, TITUS QUINCTIUS (c. 228–174 B.C.)

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