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North Eastern railway. Pop. (1891) 85,692; (Igor) 109,888. Though one of the largest towns in the county, neither its streets nor its public buildings, except perhaps its ecclesiastical buildings, have much claim to architectural beauty. The See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

church of St See also:

Mary is an See also:

ancient cruciform edifice surmounted by a lofty See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower; but extensive restoration was necessitated by a See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1854 which destroyed a considerable See also:

PART

part of the See also:

TOWN

town. The town-See also:

hall, public library and mechanic's See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute are noteworthy buildings. See also:

EDUCATION

Education is provided by a See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school, a large See also:

day school for girls, and technical and See also:

art See also:

SCHOOLS

schools. There is a service of See also:

steam trams in the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal streets, and three See also:

FINE

fine See also:

bridges connect the town with Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There are large See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

WORKS

works (including foundries and factories for engines, boilers, chains and cables), See also:

SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards, See also:

glass manufactories, chemical, See also:

SOAP

soap and See also:

CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle works, See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile works, breweries and tanneries. The town also contains a See also:

DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot of the North Eastern railway, with large stores and See also:

LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive works. Extensive See also:

COAL

coal mines exist in the vicinity; and at Gateshead See also:

Fell are large quarries for grindstones, which are much esteemed and are exported to all parts of the See also:

WORLD

world. Large See also:

gas-works of the Newcastle and Gateshead Gas See also:

COMPANY

Company are also situated in the borough.

The parliamentary borough returns one member. The See also:

CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation consists of a See also:

mayor, 9 aldermen, and 27 councillors. See also:

AREA

Area, 3132 acres. Gateshead (Gateshewed) probably See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up during See also:

LATE

late Saxon times, the mention of the church there in which See also:

Bishop Walcher was murdered in 1o8o being' the first See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

settlement. The borough probably obtained its See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter during the following See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, for See also:

Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham (1153-1195), confirmed to his burgesses similar rights to those of the burgesses of Newcastle, freedom of See also:

toll within the See also:

PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate and other privileges. The bishop had a See also:

park here in 1348, and in 1438 Bishop Nevill appointed a keeper of the " tower." The position of the town led to a struggle with Newcastle over both fishing and trading rights. An See also:

INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

inquisition of 1322 declared that the See also:

WATER

water of the Tyne was divided into three parts: the See also:

NORTHERN

northern, belonging to See also:

Northumberland; the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern to Durham; and the central, See also:

COMMON

common to all. At another inquisition held in 1336 the men of Gateshead claimed See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of trading and fishing along the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Durham, and freedom to sell their See also:

fish where they would. In 1552, on the temporary extinction of the See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Durham, Gateshead was attached to Newcastle, but in 1554 was regranted to Bishop See also:

Tunstall. As See also:

COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation the bishop granted to Newcastle, at a nominal See also:

RENT

rent, the Gateshead See also:

salt-meadows, with rights of way to the High See also:

Street, thus abolishing the toll previously paid to the bishop. During the next century Bishop Tunstall's successors incorporated nearly all the various trades of Gateshead, and See also:

Cromwell continued this policy. The town See also:

government during this See also:

period was by the bishop's See also:

BAILIFF

bailiff, and the holders of the burgages composed the juries of the bishop's courts leet and See also:

baron.

No charter of See also:

INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation is extant, but in 1563 contests were carried on under the name of the bailiffs, burgesses and commonalty, and a See also:

list of borough accounts exists for 1696. The bishop appointed the last borough bailiff in 1681, and though the inhabitants in 1772 petitioned for a bailiff the town remained under a steward and grassmen until the 19th century. As part of the palatinate of Durham, Gateshead was not represented in See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament until 1832. At the inquisition of 1336 the burgesses claimed an See also:

ANNUAL

annual See also:

FAIR

fair on St See also:

Peter's Day, and depositions in 1577 mention a borough See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market held on Tuesday and See also:

FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, but these were apparently See also:

EXTINCT

extinct in See also:

Camden's day, and no See also:

grant of them is extant. The See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

trade seems to have centred See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

FISHERIES

fisheries and the neighbouring coal" mines which are mentioned in 1364 and also by See also:

Leland.

End of Article: GATESHEAD

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