Online Encyclopedia

Servia. Having learnt to read and write in the old monastery Tronosha (near his native village), he was engaged as writer and reader of letters to the See also:

COMMANDER

commander of the insurgents of his See also:

DISTRICT

district at the beginning of the first Servian rising against the See also:

TURKS

Turks in 1804. Mostly in the position of a See also:

SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe to different voyvodes, sometimes as school-teacher, he served his See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country during the first revolution (1804-1813), at the collapse of which he See also:

LEFT

left Servia, but instead of following See also:

KARAGEORGE (in Servian, Karadyordye) (c. 1766-1817)

Karageorge and other voyvodes to See also:

Russia he went to See also:

Vienna. There he was introduced to the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar See also:

VERNEY

Verney Kopitar, who, having heard him recite some Servian See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

BALLADS

ballads, encouraged him to collect the poems and popular songs, write a See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar of the Servian See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and, if possible, a See also:

DICTIONARY

dictionary. This See also:

PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme of See also:

LITERARY

literary See also:

WORK

work was adhered to by Karajich, who all his See also:

LIFE

life acknowledged gratefully what he owed to his learned teacher. In the second See also:

HALF

half of the 18th and in the beginning of the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century all Servian literary efforts were written in a language which was not the Servian See also:

VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular, but an artificial language, of which the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation was the Old Slavonic in use in the churches, but somewhat Russianized, and mixed with Servian words forced into See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian forms. That language, called by its writers " the Slavonic-Servian," was neither Slavonic nor Servian. It was written in Old See also:

CYRILLIC

Cyrillic letters, many of which had no meaning in the Servian language, while there were several sounds in that language which had no corresponding signs or letters in the Old Slavonic See also:

ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet. The Servian philosopher Dositey Obradovich (who at the end of the 18th century spent some See also:

time in See also:

LONDON

London teaching See also:

Greek) was the first Servian author to proclaim the principle that the books for the Servian See also:

PEOPLE

people ought to be written in the language of the people. But the great See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of his contemporaries were of See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the language of Servian literature ought to be evolved out of the dead Old Slavonic of the See also:

church books. The church naturally decidedly supported this view. Karajich was the great reformer who changed all this.

Encouraged by Kopitar, he published in 1814 (2nd ed., 1815) in Vienna his first See also:

BOOK

book, See also:

MALA

Mala Prostonarodna Slaveno-Serbska Pyesmaritsa (" A small collection of Slavonic-Servian songs of the See also:

COMMON

common people "), containing a See also:

HUNDRED

hundred lyric songs, sung by the See also:

PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant See also:

WOMEN

women of Servia, and six poems about heroes, or as the Servians See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call them Yunachke pesme, which are generally recited by the See also:

BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind bards or by peasants. From that time Karajich's literary activity moved on two parallel lines: to give scientific See also:

JUSTIFICATION

justification and foundation to the See also:

ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the vernacular Servian as the literary language; and, by See also:

COLLECTING

collecting and See also:

PUBLISHING

publishing national songs, folk-See also:

lore, See also:

PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

proverbs, &c., to show the richness of the Servian people's poetical and Intellectual gifts, and the See also:

WEALTH

wealth and beauty of the Servian language. By his reform of the Servian alphabet and See also:

ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

orthography, his Servian grammar and his Servian dictionary, he established the fact that the Servian language contains See also:

THIRTY

thirty distinct sounds, for six of which the Old Slavonic alphabet had no See also:

SPECIAL

special letters. He introduced new letters for those special sounds, at the same time throwing out of the Old Slavonic alphabet eighteen letters for which the Servian language had no use. This reform was strenuously opposed by the church and many conservative authors, who went so far as to induce the Servian See also:

government to prohibit the See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing of books in new letters, a See also:

PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition removed in 1859. Karajich's alphabet facilitated his reform of orthography, his principle being: write as you speak, and read as it is written l Hardly any other language in the civilized See also:

WORLD

world has such a See also:

SIMPLE

simple, logical, scientific spelling See also:

SYSTEM

system and orthography as the Servian has in Karajich's system. His first grammatical See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay was published in Vienna in 18'4, Pismenitsa Serbskoga yezika po govoru prostoga naroda (" The grammar of the Servian language as spoken by the common people "). An improved edition appeared in Vienna in 1818, together with his great work Srpski Ryechnik (See also:

LEXICON

Lexicon Serbico-Germanico-Latinum). This dictionary—containing 26,270 words—was See also:

LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

lull of important contributions to folk-lore, as Karajich never missed an opportunity to add to the meaning of the word the description of the national customs or popular beliefs connected with it. A new edition of his dictionary, containing 46,270 words, was published at Vienna in 1852. Meanwhile he gave himself earnestly to the work of collecting the "creations of the mind of the Servian common people." He travelled through Servian countries (Servia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, See also:

MONTENEGRO

Montenegro, See also:

DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, Syrmia, Croatia), and the result was shown in a largely augmented edition of his Srpske Narodne Pyesme, of which the first three volumes appeared at See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig in 1823 and 1824, the See also:

FOURTH

fourth See also:

VOLUME

volume appearing at Vienna in 1833. Popular Stories and Enigmas was published in 1821, and Servian National Proverbs in 1836.

From 1826 to 1834 he was the editor of an See also:

ANNUAL

annual, called Danitsa (The See also:

MORNING

Morning See also:

STAR

Star), which he filled with important contributions concerning the ethnography and modern See also:

HISTORY

history of the Servian people. In 1828 he published a See also:

HISTORICAL

historical monograph, Milosh Obrenovich, See also:

Prince of Servia; in 1837, in See also:

German, Montenegro and Montenegrins; in 1867, The Servian Governing See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

State. He supplied See also:

LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold See also:

RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke with the materials for his History of the Servian Revolution. He also translated the New Testament into Servian, for the See also:

BRITISH

British and See also:

FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

Bible Society (Vienna, 1847). Karajich died in Vienna on the 6th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1864; and his remains were transferred to See also:

BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade in 1897 with great solemnity and at the expense of the government of Servia. (C. M1.) KARA-KALPAKS (" See also:

Black Caps "), a Mongolo-Tatar people, originally dominant along the See also:

east See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

ARAL

Aral See also:

Sea, where they still number some thousands. They thus See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form geographically the transition between the See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz and the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern Turkomans. Once a powerful nation, they are scattered for the most See also:

PART

part in See also:

ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan, See also:

PERM

Perm, See also:

ORENBURG

Orenburg, in the Caucasian See also:

province of See also:

KUBAN

Kuban, and in See also:

TOBOLSK

Tobolsk, See also:

SIBERIA

Siberia, numbering in all about 5o,000. These emigrants have crossed much with the See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien populations among whom they have settled; but the pure type on the Aral Sea are a tall powerful people, with broad See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat faces, large eyes, See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short noses and heavy chins. Their women are the most beautiful in See also:

Turkestan. The name of " Black Caps" is given them in allusion to their high See also:

sheep-skin hats.

They are a peaceful agricultural folk, who have suffered much from their fierce See also:

NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad neighbours.

End of Article: KARAJICH, VUK STEFANOVICH (1787-1864)

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
KARAISKAKIS, GEORGES (1782-1827)

[next]
KARAKORUM (Turkish, " black stone debris ")