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CYRILLIC
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CYRILLIC Num. Russ. 5 6 Aa B6 2 Bn 3 rr (4 An 5 ulg.i a) Ee )Kac 6 Old 4 A B r A 7K • S ^ Z3 LATIN PHONETIC Serb. CroatCech&c,See also:Polish VALUES 7 8 9 10 I, Aa a a a a 1;6 b b b b BB V V W V Fr g g g g An d d d d e E e e e e (je,e)je,le enrye )I{ac i i zh-Frj (dz) dz hard dz (dz) dz soft See also:mute See also:bet,veen iau y ct: Eng. See also:rhythm 6o 700 9 He •400 V'Y 4 5 6 IA tifs See also:Ea* Ps Ps V 8 9 (o .8r Y being hostility to See also:Rome, whereas in Orthodox countries this caution was soon seen to be unnecessary. The Glagolitic alphabets in the table are copied from Codex Marianus (11th See also:century) and the See also:Reims See also:gospel, an O.S. MS. of the 14th century, on which the See also:kings of See also:France took their See also:coronation See also:oath. As to the See also:special sounds which these various scripts expressed, we may See also:notice in the vocalism a tendency to broaden the See also:short vowels and to narrow the See also:long ones, a See also:process which has See also:left results even where distinctions of quantity no longer exist; further, the many changes which can be followed in historic See also:time and are due to the destruction of the old See also:rule of open syllables by the disappearance of the See also:half vcwels i and is, or to their developing into full vowels where indispensable for See also:pronunciation (No. I. inf.). But the ruling principle which has determined the See also:physiognomy of See also:Slavonic speech is the degree in which consonants have been affected by the following vowel. Where this has been broad a, o, u, y, q, u, this has resulted only in an occasional labialization most noticeable in the See also:case of 1; where it has been narrow, i, e, e, (once ea or e), g, I, and i, the result has been palatalization or " softening " in various degrees, ranging from a slight See also:change in the position of the See also:tongue producing a faint j See also:sound in or just after the consonant—expressed in See also:column 9 by the sign', and in Cyrillic by the pre-iotizing of the following vowel—to the development out of straightforward mutes and sibilants of the sibilants, palato-sibilants and affricates z, s, 6, , r, dz, c, dz, c, Ic, &c. (see No. 9 and V. inf.). Slavonic See also:Languages.—The Slavonic languages belong to the Indo-See also:European (I.E.) See also:family. Within that family they are very closely connected with the Baltic See also:group, Old Prussian, Lithuanian (Lithu.) and Lettish, and we must regard the linguistic ancestors of both See also:groups as having formed one for some time after they had become separated from their neighbours. If the See also:original See also:home of the I.E. family is to be set in See also:Europe, we may take the Balto-Slays to have represented the See also:north-eastern See also:extension of it. The Balto-Slays have much in See also:common with the northerly or See also:German group, and with the easterly or See also:Aryan group, their next neighbours on each See also:side. The See also:Aryans likewise split into two divisions, Iranian and See also:Indian, whereof the former, in the Sarmatians, remained in contact with the Slays until after the See also:Christian era, and gave them some See also:loan words, e.g. Bogii—Pers. Baga (See also:god) ; See also:Russian, Sobaka; Median, cpaka (See also:dog). The See also:south-eastern or Thracian group (Armenian) and beyond it the Illyrian (Albanian) made up the four groups which have sibilants for I.E. non-velar gutturals (see inf. No. 9), and in this stand apart from most European groups, but in other respects the Balto-Slays were quite European.
The Baltic group and the Slays were separated by the marshes of See also: After the Aryans had moved eastwards Slavonic was left in contact with Thracian, but we know so little about it that we cannot measure their mutual See also:influence. On the other side the Germans, beginning as the next group to the Balto-Slays, and having thereby much in common with them (so much so that See also:Schleicher wanted to make a Germano-Slavo-Baltic group), have never ceased to influence them, have given them loan words at every See also:stage and have received a few in return.
After the Baltic group had separated from the Slavonic, we must imagine a long See also:period when Slavonic (S1.) was a bundle of dialects, showing some of the peculiarities of the future languages, but on the whole so much alike that we may say that such and such forms were common to them all. This stage may be called Proto-Slavonic. Except for' the few cases where Old See also: I.E. e becomes e, sew: semen; I.E. e> d, See also:berg: fero. 3. I.E. d and u are alike o in SI., orati: arare; osmi: octo; I.E. n in end syllables, >A; vozu: 6 os; I.E. a and o are alike a, bratru: See also:frater; duva: duo. 4. I.E. a becomes y, ty: tu; I.E. a>ii, snucha: nurus, Sanskr. snna : I.E. u>v, vezg: veho. 5. I.E. y and l both long and short survived as vowels, *vlku written Sanskr. vrkas, " See also:wolf "; consonantal r and 1 survived unchanged. 6. I.E. m and n both long and short: the former gave tor ii; suto: centum; the latter g or q, desgti: decem. Consonantal m and n mostly survived before a vowel, after it they coalesced with it to make the nasal vowels q and g; pgti: pontis; pgtu: 7rEtdirros. 7. I.E. Aspirates are represented by corresponding sonants, berg: fero; medu (" See also:honey," " See also:mead ") : p.iOv; migla: oµLXXn.
8. I.E. s often becomes ch; vetuchu: vetus; not always, synu: Lithu. suniis, " son "; otherwise ch generally renders See also:Gothic h in loan words; chlebu: hlaibs, " See also:loaf "; chyzh: hus, " See also:house."
9. I.E. velar gutturals k, g, gh and labio-velars, q, g, gh become in Sl. k, g, g, kljucl: clavis; gglii: See also:angelus; migla: 6.dxXn; kuto: quis, govedo: (3ovs, Sanskr. gala; snegii: nix, nivem, but the Palato-gutturals k, g, gh become Sl. s, z, z; desgtl: decem; zrino: granum; zima: hiems; Lithu..f, 6, z; deszimtis, zirnis, zema.
1o. (a) Gutturals k, g, ch (for s) before e, e (for e), i, I, g and j early in the Proto-Sl. period became e, z, .1, vllee, voc. of vlikii: Mice; zelgdi: glandis; plusg,3rd pl. fr. pluchic: E7rXevoay.
(b) Later k, g, ch before e, i (for of or ai), and sometimes after 1,i, g, > c, dz (z), s. Vllce loc. cf. oieoc; lgzi, imperat. of lggg, " See also:lie ": X yoes; dusi, dusechii, nom. loc. pl. of duchu, " spirit "; kiiingzl: Ger. kuning: " See also: 12. Proto-Slavonic had long, short and very short or half vowels (those expressed above by I and A). It had a musical See also:accent, See also:free in its position with different intonations when it See also:fell upon long syllables. (For the See also:fate of these in different See also:modern languages see below, No. VIII.) 13. The phenomena of vowel gradation (Ablaut) as presented by Slavonic are too complicated to be put shortly. In the main they See also:answer to the I.E., e.g. O.S. birati, berg, See also:sac boric: Sl-epos, (Npw, cbbpos. In their See also:morphology the Sl. languages have preserved or See also:developed many interesting forms. Nouns have three genders, three See also:numbers in O.S., Slovene, Serbo-Croat and Sorb (other See also:tongues have more or less numerous traces of the Dual), and, except Bulgarian, seven cases—Nom., Voc. (not in Gt. Russian or Slovene), Ace., Gen., Dat., Instrumental and Locative. The Abl. has coincided with the Genitive. The -o, -a and -i declensions have gained at the expense of the consonantal stems, and phonetic change has caused many cases to coincide especially in the -i decl. The See also:comparative of the Adj. is formed on I.E. See also:models with s < sj corresponding to Latin r < s, mini, gen. minlsa, cf. minus, minoris. The See also:pro-nominal declension is less well preserved. There is no See also:article, but i (os) has been added to the adj. to make it definite; also in Bulgarian and in some dialects of Russian to is postfixed as a real article. The SI. verb has lost most of the I.E. voices, moods and tenses. The passive only survives in the pres. and past participles; of the finite moods there are but the ind. and opt, (almost always used as an imperat.) left; its only old tenses are the pres. and the aor., to which it has added an impf. of its own. ' There is an inf. (in -ti, being an old slat.) and a supine in -tit, an See also:accusative. Of active participles there are a pres. and a past and a second past See also:part. used in making See also:compound tenses. There are a solitary perfect See also:form, vede: oiia, and a solitary fut. part. bysg, gen. bysgsia: Ouvwv, 4 oovros. The verb has two stems; from the pres. See also:stem is formed the ind. pres. and impf., the imperat. and the See also:act. and pass. pres. participles. All other forms are based upon the See also:infinitive stem. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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