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south. This area is occupied by rugged mountains, 4000 to 7000 ft. high, forming the eastern border of the high plateau of East Siberia. Thick forests of See also:

LARCH (from the Ger. Larche, M.H.G. Lerche, Lat. larix)

larch clothe the mountains See also:

HALF

half way up, as well as the deep valleys. The undulating hills of the basin of the Uda, which is a continuation to the south-See also:

west, between the Stanovoi and Bureya mountains, of the deep indentation of the Sea of Okhotsk, are covered with forests and marshes. The See also:

SOUTHERN

southern part of the province includes two distinct regions. From the north-eastern extremity of the Bureya, or Little See also:

KHINGAN

Khingan range, of which the See also:

GROUP

group of the Shantar Islands is a continuation, a wide, deep depression runs south-west to the confluence of the See also:

Amur and the Usuri, and thence to the lowlands of the See also:

LOWER

lower Sungari. This is for the most part less than 500 ft. above sea-level. The region on the right See also:

banks of the Amur and the Usuri, between these rivers and the coast, is occupied by several systems of mountains, usually represented as a single range, the Sikhota-See also:

ALIN, OSCAR JOSEF (1846-1900)

alin. The summits reach 5150 ft. (Golaya Gora), and the See also:

AVERAGE

average See also:

ELEVATION

elevation of the few passes is about 2500 ft.

There is, however, one depression occupied by Lake Kidzi, which may have been at one time an outflow of the Amur to the sea. The Sikhota-alin mountains are covered with impenetrable forests. The See also:

FLORA

flora and fauna of this region (especially in the Usuri district) exhibit a striking See also:

COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of species of warm climates with those of subarctic regions; the See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

VINE

vine clings to the larch and the See also:

CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar-See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, and the See also:

tiger meets the bear and the sable. The quantity of See also:

fish in the rivers is immense, and in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August the Amur and the Usuri swarm with See also:

salmon. The best part of the Maritime Province is at its southern extremity in the valley of the Suifeng See also:

RIVER

river, which enters the Pacific in the Gulf of Peter the Great, and on the shores of the bays of the southern coast. But even there the See also:

CLIMATE

climate is very harsh. The warm sea-current of the Kuro-Siwo does not reach the coasts of Siberia, while a See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold current originating in the Sea of Okhotsk brings its icy See also:

WATER

water and chilling fogs to the coasts of Sakhalin, and flows along the Pacific See also:

SHORE

shore to the eastern coast of Korea. The high mountains of the sea-coast and the monsoons of the See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese Sea produce in the southern parts of the Maritime Province cold winters and wet summers. Accordingly, at See also:

VLADIVOSTOK

Vladivostok (on the Gulf of Peter the Great), although it has the same See also:

LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude as See also:

MARSEILLES

Marseilles, the average yearly temperature is only 39.5° F., and the See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is frozen for nearly three months in the See also:

YEAR

year; the Amur and the Usuri are frozen in See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November. To-wards the end of summer the moist monsoons bring heavy rains, which destroy the harvests and give rise to serious inundations of the Amur. The sea-coast farther north has a See also:

CONTINENTAL

continental and arctic climate. At See also:

NIKOLAYEVSK

Nikolayevsk, temperatures as See also:

low as -41.5° F. are observed in See also:

winter, and as high as 94.6° in summer, the average yearly temperature being below zero (—0.9°).

At Ayan (56° 27' N.) the average temperature of the year is 25.5° (—0.4° in winter and 50.5° in summer), and at Okhotsk_(59° 21' N.) it is 23° (—6° in winter and 52.5° in summer). See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian settlements occur throughout the whole of the province, but, with the exception of those on the banks of the Amur and the Usuri, and the southern ports of the sea-coast, they are See also:

mere centres of See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration. Okhotsk is one of the See also:

OLDEST

oldest towns of East Siberia, having been founded in 1649. Nikolayevsk, on the See also:

LEFT

left See also:

BANK

bank of the Amur, was formerly the See also:

capital of the Maritime Province; but the difficulties of See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation and of communication with the interior, and the See also:

COMPLETE

complete failure of the governmental colonization of the Amur, caused the seat of See also:

government to be transferred to See also:

KHABAROVSK (known as KHABAROVKA until 1895)

Khabarovsk. Since the loss (1905) of See also:

PORT

Port See also:

Arthur to the See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese, Vladivostok on Peter the Great Bay has again become the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

NAVAL

naval station of Russia on the Pacific. The trade is in the hands of the Chinese, who export stags' horns, seaweed and mushrooms, and of the Germans, who import groceries and See also:

SPIRITS

spirits. The See also:

TOTAL

total See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was 209,516 in 1897, of whom 57.7% were Russians, the others being See also:

TUNGUSES

Tunguses, See also:

GOLDS

Golds, Orochons, Lamuts, Chuvantses, Chukchis, See also:

Koryaks, Ghilyaks and Kamchadales. Their chief occupations are See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and fishing; the Russians carry on See also:

agriculture and trade in furs. Active See also:

MEASURES

measures were taken in 1883—1897 for increasing the Russian population in the South Usuri district, the result being that over 29,000 immigrants, chiefly Little Russian peasants, settled there; while See also:

COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks from the See also:

Don and See also:

ORENBURG

Orenburg came to See also:

settle among the Usuri Cossacks. Agriculture is gradually developing in the South Usuri region. See also:

Gold-See also:

MINING

mining has been started on the Amgun, a tributary of the Amur. See also:

COAL

Coal is found near Vladivostok, as well as in Kamchatka.

Roads exist only in the South Usuri district. A railway runs from Vladivostok to Nikolsk (69 m.), and thence to Khabarovsk along the right bank of the Usuri (412 m.). At Nikolsk the Manchurian railway begins. (P. A. K.; J. T.

End of Article: MARITIME PROVINCE (Russ., Primorskaya Oblast)

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