Online Encyclopedia

Ainu name, Karafuto or Karaftu, has been restored to the island by the Japanese since 1905. Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Strait of Tartary or Mamiya Strait, which often freezes in See also:

winter in its narrower See also:

PART

part, and from See also:

YEZO

Yezo (See also:

JAPAN

Japan) by the Strait of La Perouse. The island is 600 m. See also:

long, and 16 to ro5 broad, with an See also:

AREA

area of 24,560 sq. m. Its See also:

OROGRAPHY (Gr. opos, mountain, ypadeuv, to write)

orography and See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological structure are imperfectly known. Two, or perhaps three, parallel ranges of mountains See also:

TRAVERSE

traverse it from north to See also:

south, reaching 2000 to 5000 ft. (Mt. Ichara, 486o ft.) high, with two or more wide depressions, not exceeding 600 ft. above the See also:

sea. Crystalline rocks See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop out at several capes; Cretaceous See also:

lime-stones, containing an abundant and specific See also:

FAUNA

fauna of gigantic See also:

AMMONITES

ammonites, occur at Dui on the See also:

west coast, and See also:

TERTIARY

Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, marls and See also:

CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, folded by subsequent upheavals, in many parts of the island. The clays, which contain layers of See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

COAL

coal and an abundant fossil vegetation, show that during the See also:

MIOCENE

Miocene See also:

period Sakhalin formed part of a See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent which comprised north See also:

ASIA

Asia, See also:

ALASKA

Alaska and japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm See also:

CLIMATE

climate. The See also:

PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene deposits contain a mollusc fauna more See also:

ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic than that which exists at the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

time, indicating probably that the connexion between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans was broader than it is now. Only two See also:

rivers are worthy of mention.

The Tym, 250 M. long and navigable by rafts and See also:

LIGHT

light boats for 5o m., flows north and north-east with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of See also:

OKHOTSK, SEA OF

Okhotsk. The Poronai flows south-south-east to the Gulf of See also:

PATIENCE

Patience or Shichiro See also:

Bay, on the south-east coast. Three other small streams enter the wide semicircular Gulf of Aniva or Higashifushimi Bay at the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the island. Owing to the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the raw, foggy Sea of Okhotsk, the climate is very See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold. At Dui the See also:

AVERAGE

average yearly temperature is only 33.0° Fahr. (See also:

JANUARY

January 3.4°; See also:

JULY

July 61 .o°), 35.0° at Kusunai and 37.6° at Aniva (January, 9-50; July, 60.2°). At See also:

ALEXANDROVSK

Alexandrovsk near Dui the See also:

ANNUAL

annual range is from 81 in July to -38° in January, while at Rykovsk in the interior the minimum is -49° Fahr. The rainfall averages 223 in. Thick clouds for the most part shut out the See also:

sun; while the cold current from the Sea of Okhotsk, aided by north-east winds, brings immense See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-floes to the east coast in summer. The whole of the island is covered with dense forests, mostly coniferous. The Ayan spruce (Abies ayanensis), the Sakhalin See also:

fir (Abies sachalensis) and the Daurian See also:

LARCH (from the Ger. Larche, M.H.G. Lerche, Lat. larix)

larch are the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief trees; on the upper parts of the mountains are the Siberian rampant See also:

CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar (Cembra pumila) and the Kurilian See also:

BAMBOO

bamboo (Arundinaria kurilense). See also:

Birch, both See also:

EUROPEAN

European and Kamchatkan (Betula See also:

ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

elba and B.

Ermani), See also:

elder, See also:

poplar, See also:

elm, See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

CHERRY

cherry (Prunus padus), Taxus baccata and several willows are mixed with the conifers; while farther south the See also:

MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

mountain ash and See also:

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, as also the Japanese Panax ricinifolium, the See also:

Amur See also:

cork (Philodendron amurense), the spindle See also:

tree (See also:

EUONYMUS

Euonymus macropterus) and the See also:

VINE

vine (Vitis thunbergii) make their See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance. The under-See also:

woods abound in See also:

berry-bearing See also:

PLANTS

plants (e.g. See also:

CLOUDBERRY

cloudberry, See also:

CRANBERRY

cranberry, See also:

CROWBERRY, or CRAKEBERRY

crowberry, red whortleberry), berried elder (Sambucus racemosa), wild See also:

RASPBERRY

raspberry and Spiraea. Bears, foxes, otters and sables are numerous, as also the See also:

REINDEER

reindeer in the north, and the See also:

MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk See also:

deer, See also:

HARES

hares, squirrels, rats and mice everywhere. The avi-fauna is the See also:

COMMON

common Siberian, and the rivers swarm with See also:

fish, especially See also:

SPECIES

species pf See also:

salmon (Oncorhynchus). Numerous whales visit the sea-coast. Sea-lions, See also:

SEALS

seals and dolphins are a source of profit. Sakhalin was inhabited in the See also:

NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic See also:

Stone See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age. See also:

Flint implements, exactly like those of Siberia and See also:

Russia, have been found at Dui and Kusunai in See also:

GREAT

great See also:

numbers, as well as polished stone hatchets, like the European ones, See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive pottery with decorations like those of See also:

OLONETS

Olonets and stone weights for nets. Afterwards a See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to whom See also:

BRONZE

bronze was known See also:

LEFT

left traces in earthen walls and See also:

KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen-middens on the Bay of Aniva. The native inhabitants consist of some 2000 Gilyaks, 1300 Ainus, with 750 Orochons, 200 See also:

TUNGUSES

Tunguses and Some Yakuts. The Gilyaks in the north support themselves by fishing and See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting. The Ainus inhabit the south part of the island.

There are also 32,000 Russians, of whom over 22,150 are convicts. A little coal is See also:

MINED

mined and some See also:

rye, See also:

wheat, oats, See also:

BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and vegetables are grown, although the period during which vegetation can grow averages less than roo days. Fishing is actively prosecuted, especially by the Japanese in the south. See also:

HISTORY

History.—Sakhalin, which was under See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese dominion until the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, became known to Europeans from the travels of See also:

Martin Gerritz de Vries in the 17th century, and still better from those of La Perouse (1787) and See also:

KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN (1770-1846)

Krusenstern (1805). Both, however, regarded it as a See also:

peninsula, and were unaware of the existence of the Strait of Tartary, which was discovered in 1809 by a Japanese, Mamiya Rinzo. The Russian navigator Nevelskoi in 1849 definitively established the existence and navigability of this strait. The Russians made their first permanent See also:

settlement on Sakhalin in 1857; but the southern part of the island was held by the Japanese until 1875, when they ceded it to Russia. By the treaty of See also:

Portsmouth (U.S.A.) of 1905 the southern part of the island below 5o° N. was re-ceded to Japan, the Russians retaining the other three-fifths of the area. See C. H. See also:

Hawes, In the Uttermost East (See also:

LONDON

London, 1903). (P.

A. K. ; J. T.

End of Article: SAKHALIN, or SAGHALIEN

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
SAKE

[next]
SAKHMI