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pit-dwellers to whom they gave the name of koro-pok-guru (men with sunken places). These koro-pok-guru were of such small stature as to be considered dwarfs. They wore skins of animals for clothing, and that they understood the See also:

potter's See also:

art and used See also:

flint arrow-heads is clearly proved by excavations at the sites of their pits. The Ainu, on the contrary, never had any knowledge of pottery. Ultimately the Ainu, coming into contact with the See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese, who had immigrated from the See also:

south and See also:

west, were driven northward into the island of Yezo, where, as well as in the Kuriles and in the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern part of See also:

SAKHALIN, or SAGHALIEN

Sakhalin, they are still found in some See also:

numbers. When, at the See also:

close of the 28th and the beginning of the 19th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian enterprises See also:

drew the See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the Japanese See also:

government to the See also:

NORTHERN

northern districts of the See also:

EMPIRE

empire, the See also:

TOKUGAWA

Tokugawa shoguns adopted towards the Ainu a policy of liberality and leniency consistent with the best principles of See also:

MODERN

modern colonization. But the See also:

DOOM (Old Eng. dOm, a word common to Tent. languages for that which is set up or ordered, from " do," in its original meaning of " place "; cf, Gr. &Ass, from stem of ri'rust)

doom of unfitness appears to have begun to overtake the race See also:

long ago. History indicates that in See also:

ancient times they were fierce fighters, able to offer a stout resistance to the incomparably better armed and more civilized Japanese. To-See also:

day they are drunken, dirty, spiritless folk, whom it is difficult to suppose capable of the warlike role they once played. Their number, between 26,000 and 17,000, is virtually stationary.

The Ainu are somewhat taller than the Japanese, stoutly built, well proportioned, with dark-See also:

brown eyes, high cheek-bones, See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short broad noses and faces lacking length. The hairiness of the Ainu has been much exaggerated. They are not more hairy than many Europeans. Never shaving after a certain See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, the men have full beards and moustaches, but the stories of Ainu covered with See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair like a See also:

bear are quite unjustified by facts. Men and See also:

WOMEN

women alike cut their hair level with the shoulders at the sides of the See also:

head, but See also:

TRIM

trim it semicircularly behind. The women See also:

TATTOO

tattoo their mouths, arms, and sometimes their foreheads, using for See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour the smut deposited on a pot hung. over a See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of See also:

birch bark. Their See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress is a robe spun from the bark of the See also:

elm See also:

tree. It has long sleeves, reaches nearly to the feet, is folded See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

BODY

body and tied with a See also:

GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of the same material. See also:

FEMALES

Females See also:

WEAR

wear also an undergarment of Japanese See also:

CLOTH

cloth. In See also:

winter the skins of animals are worn, with leggings of deerskin and boots made from the skin of See also:

DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs or See also:

salmon. Both sexes are fond of See also:

EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-rings, which are said to have been made of See also:

GRAPE

grape-See also:

VINE

vine in former times, but are now See also:

PURCHASED

purchased from the Japanese, as also are See also:

BEAD

bead See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck-laces, which the women See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize highly. 'Their See also:

food is See also:

MEAT

meat, when-ever they can procure it—the flesh of the bear, the See also:

fox, the See also:

wolf, the See also:

BADGER

badger, the ox or the horse—fish, See also:

FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, See also:

millet, vegetables, herbs and roots.

They never eat raw See also:

fish or flesh, but always either See also:

BOIL

boil or roast it. Their habitations are See also:

reed-thatched huts, the largest 20 ft. square, without partitions and having a fireplace in the centre. There is no See also:

CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney, but only a hole at the See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the roof; there is one window on the eastern See also:

side and there are two doors. Public buildings do not exist, whether in the shape of See also:

inn, See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place or See also:

temple. The See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture of their dwellings is exceedingly scanty. They have no chairs, stools or tables, but sit on the See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor, which is covered with two layers of mats, one of See also:

rush, the other of See also:

FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag; and for beds they spread planks, See also:

HANGING

hanging mats around them on poles, and employing skins for coverlets. The men use chop-sticks and See also:

MOUSTACHE, or MUSTACHIO

moustache-lifters when eating; the women have wooden spoons. Uncleanliness is characteristic of the Ainu, and all their intercourse with the Japanese has not improved them in that respect. The Rev. See also:

John Batchelor, in his Notes on the Ainu, says that he lived in one Ainu habitation for six See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks on one occasion, and for two months on another, and that he never once saw See also:

PERSONAL

personal ablutions performed, or cooking or eating utensils washed. - Not having been at any, See also:

period acquainted with the art of See also:

writing, they have no literature and are profoundly ignorant. But at See also:

SCHOOLS

schools established for them by the Japanese in See also:

RECENT

recent times, they have shown that their intellectual capacity is not deficient.

No distinct conception of a universe enters into their cosmology. They picture to themselves many floating worlds, yet they deduce the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of rotundity from the course of the See also:

sun, and they imagine that the " Ainu See also:

WORLD

world " rests on the back of a fish whose movements cause earthquakes. It is scarcely possible to doubt that this See also:

FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy is derived from the Japanese, who used to hold an identical theory. The Ainu believe in a supreme Creator, but also in a sun-See also:

god, a See also:

moon-god, a See also:

WATER

water-god and a See also:

mountain-god, deities whose See also:

RIVER

river is the Milky Way, whose voices are heard in the See also:

THUNDER

thunder and whose See also:

GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory is reflected in the See also:

LIGHTNING

lightning. Their See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

OBJECT

object of actual See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship appears to be the bear. See also:

MISS

Miss See also:

Isabella See also:

BIRD

Bird (Mrs See also:

Bishop) writes: " The peculiarity which distinguishes their See also:

RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

MYTHOLOGY

mythology is the worship of the bear, the Yezo bear. being one of the finest of his See also:

SPECIES

species. But it is impossible to understand the feelings by which this cult is prompted, for although they worship the See also:

animal after their See also:

FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion and set up its head in their villages, yet they See also:

TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap it, kill it, eat it and sell its skin. 'there is no doubt that this See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beast inspires more of the feeling which prompts worship than. the inanimate forces of nature, and the Ainos may be distinguished as bear-worshippers, and their greatest religious festival or saturnalia as the Festival of the Bear. . . Some of their rude chants are in praise of the bear, and their highest eulogy on a man is to compare him to a bear." They have no priests by profession. The See also:

VILLAGE

village chief performs whatever religious ceremonies are necessary; ceremonies confined to making libations of See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, uttering short prayers and offering See also:

WILLOW (Salix)

willow sticks with wooden shavings attached to them, much as the Japanese set up the well-known gohei (sacred offerings) at certain spots. The Ainu gives thanks to the gods before eating, and prays to the deity of fire in See also:

time of sickness.

He thinks that his spirit is immortal, and that it will be rewarded hereafter in See also:

HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven or punished in See also:

HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, both of which places are beneath the See also:

earth, hell being the See also:

LAND

land of volcanoes; but he has no theory as to a resurrection of the body or See also:

METEMPSYCHOSIS (Gr. µF El.4/1Xco rts)

metempsychosis. He preserves a tradition about a See also:

flood whichseems to be the counterpart of the Biblical See also:

DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge, and about an See also:

EARTHQUAKE

earthquake which lasted a See also:

HUNDRED

hundred days, produced the three volcanoes of Yezo and created the island by bridging the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters that had previously separated it into two parts. The Ainu are now governed by Japanese See also:

LAWS

laws and judged by Japanese tribunals, but in former times their affairs were ad-ministered by hereditary chiefs, three in each village, and for administrative purposes the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was divided into three districts, Saru, Usu and Ishixari, which were under the ultimate See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of Saru, though the relations between their respective inhabitants were not close and intermarriages were avoided. The functions of See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge were not entrusted to these chiefs; an indefinite number of a community's members sat in See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment upon its criminals. See also:

Capital See also:

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment did not exist, nor was imprisonment resorted to, beating being considered a sufficient and final See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty, except in the See also:

case of See also:

MURDER

murder; when the See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and ears of the See also:

ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin were cut off or the tendons of his feet severed. Little as the Japanese and the Ainu have in See also:

COMMON

common, intermarriages are not infrequent, and at Sambutsu especially, on the eastern See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, many See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of such marriages may be seen. Doenitz, Hilgendorf and Dr B. Scheube, arguing from a See also:

minute investigation of the See also:

PHYSICAL

physical traits of the Ainu, have concluded that they are Mongolians; according to See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor A. H. See also:

KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane the Ainu " are quite distinct from the surrounding Mongolic peoples, and See also:

PRESENT

present several remarkable physical characters which seem to point to a remote connexion with the Caucasic races. Such are a very full See also:

beard, shaggy or wavy See also:

black or dark-brown hair, sometimes covering the back and See also:

CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest; a somewhat See also:

FAIR

fair or even See also:

white complexion, large nose, straight eyes and See also:

REGULAR

regular features, often quite See also:

hand-some and of See also:

EUROPEAN

European type. They seem to be a last remnant of the See also:

NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic peoples, who ranged in prehistoric times across the northern hemisphere from the' See also:

BRITISH

British Isles to See also:

MANCHURIA

Manchuria and Japan.

They are bear-worshipper's, and have other customs in common with the Manchurian aborigines, but the See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is entirely different, and they have traditions of a time when they were the dominant See also:

PEOPLE

people in the surrounding lands." It should be noted finally that the Ainu are altogether See also:

FREE

free from ferocity or exclusiveness, and that they treat strangers with See also:

GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle kindness. See Rev. John Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-See also:

lore (See also:

LONDON

London,1901) ; Romyn See also:

Hitchcock, The Ainos of Japan (See also:

Washington, 1892) ; H. von See also:

Siebold, Ober See also:

die Aino (See also:

Berlin, 1881); Isabella Bird (Mrs Bishop), See also:

Korea and her Neighbours (1898) ; See also:

BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil See also:

Hall See also:

Chamberlain, Language, Mythology and See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Nomenclature of Japan viewed in the See also:

LIGHT

Light of Aino Studies and Aino See also:

FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

Fairy-tales (1895).

End of Article: AINU (" man ")

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