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See also:NICHOLAS H . (1868- ), See also:emperor of See also:Russia, eldest son and successor of See also:Alexander III., was See also:born at St See also:Petersburg on the 18th of May 1868. He received the See also:ordinary See also:education of See also:Russian See also:grand-See also:dukes, under the direction of See also:General Danilovitch, assisted by M. See also:Pobedonostsev and other eminent professors. Among these was an Englishman, Mr See also:Charles See also:Heath, for whom he had See also:great respect and See also:affection. By the See also:death of his grand-See also:father, Alexander II., in 1881, he became See also:heir-apparent (See also:cesarevich). Though he received, like all the heirs-apparent to the Russian See also:throne, a certain amount of military training, his See also:personal tastes did not See also:lie in that direction, nor did he show any inclination for the boisterous amusements of the jeunesse donee of St Petersburg. Like his father, he was nowhere happier than in the See also:family circle, and he was particularly attached to his See also:sister, the grand-duchess See also:Xenia, who was seven years younger than himself. In 189o-1891 he made a tour in See also:Greece, See also:Egypt, See also:India, See also:Ceylon and See also:japan, where he narrowly escaped assassination at the hands of a See also:Japanese fanatic. On the return See also:journey by See also:Siberia, at See also:Vladivostok, he turned the first sod of the eastern See also:section of the Siberian railway, and two years afterwards (1893) he was appointed See also:president of the imperial See also:committee for that great undertaking. By the death of his father on the 1st of See also:November 1894 he became emperor, and on the 26th of that See also:month he married Princess Alix of See also:Hesse (a grand-daughter of See also:Queen See also:Victoria), to whom he had been betrothed in the presence of his father during the latter's last illness. Eighteen months later the See also:coronation took See also:place at See also:Moscow with great pomp, but a gloom was thrown over the festivities by the unfortunate incident of the Khodinskoe Polye, a great open space near the See also:city, where a popular fete had been prepared and where, from defective See also:police arrangements, a large number of men, See also:women and See also:children, roughly estimated at 2000, were crushed and trampled to death. Nicholas II. followed in the footsteps of his father, seeking to preserve See also:peace in See also:foreign relations, and continuing in See also:home affairs, though in a much milder See also:form, the policy of centralization and Russification which had characterized the previous reign. His pacific tendencies were shown by his systematic opposition to all bellicose excitement, by his maintaining M. de See also:Giers in the See also:post of See also:minister of foreign affairs, by his offering the post, on the death of that statesman, to M. de See also:Staal, by his restraining See also:France from dangerous adventures, and by initiating the Peace See also:Conference at the See also:Hague. To these ought perhaps to be added the transformation of the Franco-Russian entente cordiale into a formal See also:alliance, since the alliance in question might be regarded as favourable to the preservation of Lie status quo in See also:Europe. In the See also:internal See also:administration during the first years of his reign he introduced by his personal See also:influence, and without any great See also:change in the See also:laws, a more humane spirit towards those of his subjects who did not belong by See also:language and tradition to the dominant See also:nationality, and who were not members of the Eastern Orthodox See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church; but he disappointed the men of liberal views by giving it to be clearly understood soon after his See also:accession that he had no intention of circumscribing and weakening the autocratic See also:power by constitutional guarantees or See also:parliamentary institutions. In spite, however, of his See also:desire for peace he let his See also:country See also:drift into the disastrous See also:war with Japan; and notwithstanding his sincere See also:attachment to the principles of bureaucratic See also:autocracy, it was he who granted the constitutional reforms which altered
the whole See also:political outlook in Russia (see Russia).
End of Article: NICHOLAS H
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