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POBEDONOSTSEV, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 872 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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POBEDONOSTSEV, See also:CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1827-1907) , See also:Russian jurist, See also:state See also:official, and writer on philosophical and See also:literary subjects. See also:Born in See also:Moscow in 1827, he studied at the School of See also:Law in St See also:Petersburg, and entered the public service as an official in one of the Moscow departments of the See also:senate. From 186o to 1865 he was See also:professor of Russian See also:civil law in the Moscow University, and instructed the sons of See also:Alexander II. in the theory of law and See also:administration. In 1868 he became a senator in St Petersburg, in 1872 a member of the See also:council of the See also:empire, and in r88o See also:chief See also:procurator of the See also:Holy See also:Synod. He always showed himself an uncompromising Conservative, and never shrank from expressing boldly his opinions. Consequently, in the so-called Liberal See also:camp he was always denounced an an " obscurantist" and an enemy of progress. In the See also:early years of the reign of Alexander II. (1855-1881), Pobedonostsev maintained, though keeping aloof from the Slavophils, that Occidental institutions were radically See also:bad in themselves and totally inapplicable to See also:Russia. See also:Parliamentary methods of administration, See also:modern judicial organization and See also:procedure, trial by See also:jury, freedom of the See also:press, See also:secular See also:education—these were among the See also:principal See also:objects of his aversion. He 1 See G. Marinelli, in Atli inst. veneto sci., 8th See also:series, vol. viii. (1896-1897); and " L'Accrescimento del See also:Delta del Po nel Secolo XIX.," in Riv, Georg.

Ital. (1898), vol. v. See also:

superior. Pop. about 6o,000, consisting of Cambodians, Annamese, See also:Chinese, See also:Malays, See also:Indians and about 600 Europeans. It is situated on the See also:Mekong about 173 m. from its mouth at the point where it divides into two arms and is joined by the See also:branch connecting it with the See also:Great See also:Lake (Tonle-See also:Sap). Its position makes it the See also:market for the products of See also:Cambodia, See also:Laos, Upper See also:Burma and See also:part of See also:Siam (dried See also:fish, See also:rice, See also:cotton, See also:indigo, cardamoms, &c.) The See also:town is lighted by See also:electricity. The See also:palace of the See also:king of Cambodia occupies a large space in the Cambodian See also:quarter. The town gets its name from the Pn6m, a central See also:hill surmounted by an See also:ancient See also:pagoda. PO (anc. Padus, Gr. lI66os), a See also:river of See also:northern See also:Italy, and the largest in the whole See also:country, with a See also:total length of about 310 m. See also:direct from the source to the mouth, but, including its many windings, of some 417 M. The navigable portion from Casale Monferrato to the mouth is 337 m.; the minimum width of this portion 656 ft., and its minimum See also:depth 7 ft. Owing to the prevalence of shallows and sandbanks, See also:navigation is difficult.

The Po is the dominating See also:

factor in See also:north See also:Italian See also:geography, north Italy practically consisting of the Po See also:basin, with the surrounding slopes. of the See also:Alps and See also:Apennines. For a description of its course, and a See also:list of its principal tributaries see ITALY. The See also:area of its basin, which includes portions of See also:Switzerland and See also:Austria, is estimated at 26,798 sq. m. In the first 21 M. of its course, down to Revello (See also:west of See also:Saluzzo), the Po descends no less than 5250 ft., or a fall of 47.3: 1000, forming a very remarkable contrast to its fall See also:lower down. From the confluence of the See also:Ticino its fall is about 0•3:See also:I000; from the beginning of the delta below See also:Ferrara, o•o8':I000. At See also:Turin it has an See also:average width of 400 to 415 ft., a mean depth of 32 to 51 ft., and a velocity of I to 3 ft. in the second. The mean depth from the confluence of the Ticino (See also:altitude 217 ft.) downwards is 6 to 15 ft. The river is embanked from See also:Piacenza, and 'continuously from See also:Cremona,. the total length of the embankments exceeding 600 m. Owing to its confinement between these high See also:banks, and to the great amount of sedimentary See also:matter which the river brings down with it, its See also:bed has been gradually raised, so that in its lower course it is in many places above the level of the surrounding country. A result of confining the stream between its containing banks is the rapid growth of the delta. Lombardini calculated that the See also:annual increase in the area of the Po delta during the See also:period 1300 to 1600 amounted to 127 acres; but during the period 1600 to 183o it See also:rose to 324 acres. Marinelli 1 estimated that between the years 1823 subjected all of them to a severe See also:analysis in his Reflections of a Russian Statesman (See also:English by R.

C. See also:

Long, See also:London, 1898). To these dangerous products of Occidental See also:rationalism he found a counterpoise in popular vis inertiae, and in the respect of the masses for institutions See also:developed slowly and automatically during the past centuries of See also:national See also:life. Among the See also:practical deductions See also:drawn from these premisses is the See also:necessity of pre-serving the autocratic See also:power, and of fostering among the See also:people the traditional veneration for the See also:ritual of the national See also:Church. In the See also:sphere of practical politics he exercised considerable See also:influence by inspiring and encouraging the Russification policy of Alexander III. (1881-1894), which found expression in an administrative Nationalist propaganda and led to a See also:good See also:deal of religious persecution. After the See also:death of Alexander III. he lost much of his influence, for See also:Nicholas II., while clinging to his See also:father's Russification policy and even extending it to Fin-See also:land, disliked the See also:idea of systematic religious persecution, and was not wholly averse from the partial emancipation of the Russian Church from civil See also:control. During the revolutionary tumult which followed the disastrous See also:war with See also:Japan Pobedonostsev, being nearly 8o years of See also:age, retired from public affairs. He died on the 23rd of See also:March 1907.

End of Article: POBEDONOSTSEV, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1827-1907)

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