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NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1844–1900)
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See also:NIETZSCHE, See also:FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1844–1900) , See also:German philosopher, was the son of the pastor at ROcken, near See also:Leipzig, where he was See also:born on 15th See also:October 1844. He was educated at Schulpforta, and studied the See also:classics at the See also:universities of See also:Bonn and Leipzig. In 1869, while still an undergraduate, he was, on F. W. See also:Ritschl's recommendation, appointed to an extra-See also:ordinary professorship of classical See also:philology in the university of See also:Basel, and rapidly promoted to an ordinary professorship. Here he almost immediately began a brilliant See also:literary activity, which gradually assumed a more and more philosophical See also:character. In 1876 See also:eye (and See also:brain) trouble caused him to obtain sick leave, and finally, in 1879, to be pensioned. For the next ten years he lived in various See also:health resorts, in considerable suffering (he declares that the See also:year contained for him 200 days of pure See also:pain), but dashing off, at high pressure, the brilliant essays on which his fame rests. Towards the end of 1888, after recovering from an earlier attack, he was pronounced hopelessly insane, and in this See also:condition he remained until he died on the 25th of See also:August 1900. Nietzsche's writings must be understood in their relation to these circumstances of his See also:life, and as the outcome of a violent revolt against them on the See also:part of an intensely emotional and See also:nervous temperament. His See also:philosophy, consequently, is neither systematic in itself nor expounded in systematic See also:form. It is made up of a number of points of view which successively appeared acceptable to a See also:personality whose self-appreciation verges more and more upon the insane, and exhibits neither consecutiveness nor consistency. Its natural form is the See also:aphorism, and to this and to its epigrammatic brilliance, vigour, and uncompromising revolt against all conventions in See also:science and conduct it owes its persuasiveness. Revolt against the whole civilized environment in which he was brought up is the keynote of Nietzsche's literary career. His revolt against See also:Christian faith and morals turns him into a proudly atheistic " See also:free-thinker," and preacher of a new " See also:master " morality, which transposes the current valuations, deposes the " Christian virtues," and incites the "over-See also:man" ruthlessly to trample under See also:foot the servile See also:herd of the weak, degenerate and poor in spirit. His revolt against the theory of See also:state supremacy turns him into an anarchist and individualist; his revolt against See also:modern See also:democracy into an aristocrat. His revolt against conventional culture leads him to attack D. F. See also:Strauss as the typical " See also:Philistine of culture "; his revolt against the See also:fashion of See also:pessimism to demand a new and more robust See also:affirmation of life, not merely although, but because, it is painful. Indeed, his very love of life may itself be regarded as an indignant revolt against the toils that were inexorably closing in around him. He directs this spirit of revolt also against the See also:sources of his own See also:inspiration; he turns bitterly against See also:Wagner, whose intimate friend and enthusiastic admirer he had been, and denounces him as the musician of decadent emotionalism; he rejects his " educator " See also:Schopenhauer's pessimism, and transforms his will to live into a " Will to See also:Power." Nevertheless his reaction does not in this See also:case really carry him beyond the ground of Schopenhauerian philosophy, and his own may perhaps be most truly regarded as the paradoxical development of an inverted Schopenhauerism. Other influences which may be traced in his writings are those of modern See also:naturalism and of a somewhat misinterpreted Darwinism (" strength " is generally interpreted as See also:physical endowment, but it has sometimes to be reluctantly acknowledged that the physically feeble, by their See also:combination and cunning, prove stronger than. the " strong "). His writings in their See also:chronological See also:order are as follows: See also:Die Geburt der Tragodie aus dem Geiste der Musik (1872); Unzeitgemdsse Betrachtungen (1873–1876) (Strauss—Vom Nutzen and Nachteil der Historic See also:fur das Leben—Schopenhauer als Erzieher—See also:Richard Wagner in See also:Bayreuth); Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (1876–188o); Morgenrote (1881); Die frohliche Wissenschaft (1882); Also sprach Zarathustra (1883–1884); Jenseits von Gut and Bose (1886); Zur Genealogie der Moral (1887); Der Fall Wagner (1888); Gotzendammerung (1888); Nietzsche contra Wagner, Der See also:Antichrist, and Poems first appeared in the See also:complete edition of his See also:works, which also contains the notes for Wille zur Macht, in which Nietzsche had intended to give a more systematic See also:account of his See also:doctrine (1895-1901). (F. C. S. S.) An edition of Nietzsche's complete works began to appear in 1895; there are also two popular See also:editions, 1899 if. (15 vols. have been published) and 1906 (fo vols.). In 1900 Nietzsche's Briefe began to be published. An See also:English See also:translation in 18 vols., edited by Oskar See also:Levy, reached the 13th vol. in 1910. His See also:biography, by his See also:sister, Elisabeth See also:Forster-Nietzsche (DasLeben Friedrich Nietzsches, 1895 ff.), reached its third See also:volume in 1907. There are also lives by D. See also:Halevy (1909) and M. A. Miigge (F. Nietzsche: his Life and See also:Work, 1908), the latter of a somewhat popular character. G. See also:Brandes first See also:drew See also:European See also:attention to Nietzsche by his famous See also:essay in 1889; since then an enormous literature has grown up See also:round the subject. See especially L. Andreas See also:Salome, F. Nietzsche in seinen Werken (1894) A. Kiehl, F. Nietzsche (1897; 3rd ed., 1901); F. Mimics, Nietzsche-Kultus (1897); H. See also:Ellis, F. Nietzsche (in Afrmations, 1898); H. Lichtenberger, La Philosophic de Nietzsche (1895; German trans., 1899) ; E. Horneffer, Vortrage Ober F. Nietzsche (1900) ; T. Ziegler, F. Nietzsche (1900) ; J. Zeitler, Nietzsches Asthetik (Iwo); P. Deussen, Erinnerungen an F. Nietzsche (1901); R. See also:Richter, F. Nietzsche, sein Leben and sein Werk (1903) ; G. Simmel, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche (1907). For an estimate of his moral theory see See also:ETHICS, ad fin. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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