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Casaubon. Perhaps no two men of letters ever lived in closer friendship than Hemsterhuis and Ruhnken during the twenty-three years which passed from Ruhnken's arrival in the Netherlands in 1743 to the See also:

DEATH

death of Hemsterhuis in 1766. A few years made it clear that Ruhnken and Valckenaer were the two pupils of the great See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master on whom his See also:

INHERITANCE

inheritance must devolve. As his reputation spread, many efforts were made to attract Ruhnken back to Germany, but after settling in Leiden, he only See also:

LEFT

left the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country once, when he spent a See also:

YEAR

year in See also:

Paris, ransacking the public See also:

LIBRARIES

libraries (1755).

For See also:

WORK

work achieved, this year of Ruhnken may compare even with the famous year which See also:

Ritschl spent in See also:

Italy. In 1957 Ruhnken was appointed lecturer in Greek, to assist Hemsterhuis, and in 1761 he succeeded Oudendorp, with the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of history and eloquence," but practically as Latin professor. This promotion See also:

drew on him the enmity of some native Netherlanders, who deemed themselves (not without some show of See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason) to possess stronger claims for a See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of Latin. The only See also:

defence made by Ruhnken was to publish works on Latin literature which eclipsed and silenced his rivals. In 1766 Valckenaer succeeded Hemsterhuis in the Greek chair. The intimacy between the two colleagues was only broken by Valckenaer's death in 1785, and stood without See also:

STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain the test of See also:

COMMON

common candidature for the See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office (an important one at Leiden) of university librarian, in which Ruhnken was successful. Ruhnken's later years were clouded by severe domestic misfortune, and by the See also:

POLITICAL

political commotions which, after the outbreak of the See also:

war with See also:

England in 178o, troubled the Netherlands without ceasing, and threatened to extinguish the university of Leiden. He died in 1998. Personally, Ruhnken was as far as possible removed from being a recluse or a See also:

PEDANT

pedant. He had a well-knit and even See also:

hand-some See also:

FRAME

frame, attractive See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners (though sometimes tinged with See also:

IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony), and a nature See also:

SIMPLE

simple and healthy, and open to impressions from all sides. Fond of society, he cared little to what See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank his associates belonged, if they were genuine men in whom he might find something to learn. His biographer even says of him in his early days that he knew how to See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to the See also:

SIRENS (Gr. Metpi7ves)

Sirens without proving traitor to the See also:

MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses.

Life in the open See also:

air had a great attraction for him; he was fond of See also:

SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport, and would sometimes devote to it two or three days in the See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week. In his bearing towards other scholars Ruhnken was generous and dignified, distributing See also:

LITERARY

literary aid with a See also:

FREE

free hand, and See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting onslaughts for the most See also:

PART

part with a smile. In the records of learning he occupies an important position. He forms a See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

LINK

link in the See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain which connects Bentley with the modern scholarship of the Continent. The spirit and the aims of Hemsterhuis, the great reviver of See also:

CONTINENTAL

Continental learning, were committed to his See also:

TRUST

trust, and were faithfully maintained. He greatly widened the circle of those who valued See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and precision in classical scholarship. He powerfully aided the emancipation of Greek studies from See also:

THEOLOGY

theology; nor must it be forgotten that he first in modern times dared to think of rescuing See also:

PLATO

Plato from the hands of the professed philosophers—men pre-sumptuous enough to interpret the ancient See also:

SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage with little or no knowledge of the See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language in which he wrote. Ruhnken's principal works are See also:

EDITIONS

editions of (1) See also:

TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus's See also:

LEXICON

Lexicon of Platonic Words, (2) Thalelaeus and other Greek commentators on Roman law, (3) Rutilius See also:

Lupus and other grammarians, (4) Velleius Paterculus, (5) the works of See also:

MURETUS

Muretus. He also occupied himself much with the history of Greek literature, particularly the oratorical literature, with the Homeric See also:

HYMNS

hymns, the scholia on Plato and the Greek and Roman grammarians and rhetoricians. A See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery famous in its See also:

time was that in the See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the work of See also:

APSINES

Apsines on See also:

RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric a large piece of a work by See also:

LONGINUS, CASSIUS (c. A.D. 213-273)

Longinus was embedded. Modern views of the writings attributed to Longinus have lessened the See also:

INTEREST

interest of this discovery without lessening its merit. The See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Ruhnken was written by his great See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, See also:

WYTTENBACH, DANIEL ALBERT (1746—1820)

Wyttenbach, soon after his death.

(J. S.

End of Article: RUHLA

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