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SCHAFFHAUSEN

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 312 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SCHAFFHAUSEN , the See also:

capital of the Swiss See also:canton of that name, situated entirely (for its suburb, Feuerthalen, is in the canton of See also:Zurich) on rising ground above the right See also:bank of the See also:Rhine. Its streets are narrow (See also:save in the See also:modern quarters), while it is dominated by the fortress of Unnoth (wrongly called Munoth). It is by See also:rail 31 M. W. of See also:Constance and S9 M. W. of See also:Basel. It is a See also:city of contrasts, See also:medieval See also:architecture of the true Swabian type and modern manufactures mingling curiously together. Three of the sixteen See also:town See also:gates survive, and many )ld houses, though few have preserved traces of the frescoes which formerly adorned their See also:external walls. The See also:chief See also:ancient See also:building in the town is the See also:Munster (now See also:Protestant) of All See also:Saints, formerly a See also:Benedictine monastery. It was consecrated in 1052, and is a See also:good specimen of the " sternest and plainest Romanesque, finished with a single See also:side See also:tower near the See also:east end, that is architecturally connected both with See also:Italian campaniles and the so-called Anglo-Saxon towers of See also:England " (E. A. See also:Freeman). See also:Close to it is deposited the famous 15th-See also:century See also:bell that suggested See also:Schiller's See also:Song of the Bell and the opening of See also:Longfellow's See also:Golden See also:Legend.

The See also:

castle of Unnoth, above the town, See also:dates in its See also:present See also:form from the second See also:half of the 16th century. It has enormously thick casemates and a tower, the See also:platform of which (now used as a restaurant) is reached by a See also:spiral ascent. The museum contains antiquarian and natural See also:history collections, as well as the town library, which possesses the See also:MSS. and books of the Swiss historian J. von See also:Muller (q.v.). A See also:monument to his memory is on the See also:promenade of the Fasenstaub, See also:west of the town. Opposite is a building constructed in 1864 by a See also:citizen (G. C. See also:im Thurn) who had made his See also:fortune in See also:London. It is named after him the Imthurneum, and houses a See also:theatre, a picture See also:gallery, See also:concert rooms and the school of See also:music. There are a number of factories in the town, while at Neuhausen, its suburb, are See also:aluminium See also:works, railway See also:rolling stock works and a manufactory of playing See also:cards and railway tickets. See also:Industrial development has been furthered by the See also:hydraulic works for the utilization of the forces in the Rhine; founded 1863–1866 by H. See also:Moser (1805-1874), a wealthy citizen, these are now the See also:property of the town and since 1900 are worked by See also:electricity. In 1900 the town had 15,275 inhabitants (14,684 See also:German-speaking), while there were 11,144 Protestants, 4085 See also:Roman Catholics and 21 See also:Jews. The spot is first mentioned in 1045, " See also:Villa Scafhusun," while in 1050 we hear of the " See also:ford " there across the Rhine.

Hence it is probable that the name is really derived from scapha, a skiff, as here goods coming from Constance were disembarked in consequence of the falls of the Rhine a little below. Some writers, however, prefer the derivation from Schaf (a See also:

sheep), as a See also:ram (now a sheep) formed the ancient arms of the town, derived from those of its founders, the See also:counts of Nellenburg. About 1050 those counts founded here the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, which henceforth became the centre of the town. Perhaps as See also:early as 1190, certainly in 1208, it was an imperial See also:free city, while the first See also:seal dates from 1253. The See also:powers of the See also:abbot were gradually limited and in 1277 the See also:emperor See also:Rudolf gave the town a See also:charter of liberties. It ran considerable See also:risk of becoming a See also:part of the private estates of the Habsburgs, as the emperor See also:Louis of See also:Bavaria pledged it in 1330 to that See also:family, which held it till See also:Duke See also:Frederick with Empty Pockets was placed under the See also:ban of the See also:empire in 1415, its freedom being finally See also:purchased in 1418, while from 1411 the See also:trade See also:gilds ruled the town. But it was much harassed by the neighbouring See also:Austrian nobles, so that in 1454 it made an See also:alliance with six of the Swiss confederates (See also:Uri and See also:Unterwalden coming in in 1479), by whom it was received as an " ally," being finally admitted a full member in 1501. The See also:Reformation was adopted in 1524, finally in 1529. The town suffered much in the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War from the passage of See also:Swedish and Bavarian troops. It was not till the early 19th century that the arrested industrial development of the town took a fresh start. E. Im-Thurn, Der Kanton Schaffhausen (St See also:Gall and See also:Bern, 1840) ; A.

See also:

Pfaff, Das Staatsrecht d. See also:alten Eidgenossenschaft (Schaffhausen, 187o) (pp. 89-97 contain a history of Schaffhausen). In 1901 there appeared at Schaffhausen two elaborate See also:historical " Festschriften," one for the canton and one for the town, while in 1906–1907 there were published at Schaffhausen two parts (from 987 to 1530) of an See also:official Urkundenregister See also:fur den Kanton Schaffhausen. (W. A. B.

End of Article: SCHAFFHAUSEN

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