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See also:GALLAND, See also:ANTOINE (1646-1715) , See also:French Orientalist and archaeologist, the first See also:European translator of the Arabian Nights, was See also:born on the 4th of See also:April 1646 at Rollot, in the See also:department of See also:Somme. The completion of his school See also:education at See also:Noyon was followed by a brief See also:apprenticeship to a See also:trade, from which, however, he soon escaped, to pursue his linguistic studies at See also:Paris. After having been employed for some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in making a See also:catalogue of the See also:Oriental See also:manuscripts at the See also:Sorbonne, he was, in 167o, attached to the French See also:embassy at See also:Constantinople; and in 1673 he travelled in See also:Syria and the See also:Levant, where he copied a See also:great number of See also:inscriptions, and sketched, and in some cases removed See also:historical monuments. After a brief visit to See also:France, where his collection of See also:ancient coins attracted some See also:attention, Galland returned to the Levant in 1676; and in 1679 he undertook a third voyage, being commissioned by the French See also:East See also:India See also:Company to collect for the See also:cabinet of See also:Colbert; on the expiration of this See also:commission he was instructed by the See also:government to continue his researches, and had the See also:title of
resorted to by the public, and excited considerable controversy in the scientific See also:world. He had almost reached the See also:zenith of his fame when, in 1807, he repaired to Paris and established himself there as a medical practitioner, at the same time continuing his activity as a lecturer and writer. In 18o8 appeared his Introduction au See also:tours de physiologic du cerveau, which was followed in 1809 by the Recherches sur le systeme nerveux en See also:general, et sur celui du cerveau en particulier (originally laid before the See also:Institute of France in See also:March 1808), and in 18ro by the first See also:instalment of the Anatomic et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general, et du cerveau en particulier, avec See also:des observations sur la possibilite de reconnaitre plusieurs dispositions intellectuelles et morales de l'homme et des animaux See also:par la configuration de leers Mks. The Recherches and the first two volumes of the Anatomic See also:bear the conjoint names of See also:Gall and See also:Spurzheim. The latter See also:work was completed in 1819, and appeared in a second edition of six volumes in 1822-1825. In 1811 he replied to a See also:charge of Spinozism or See also:atheism, which had been strongly urged against him, by a See also:treatise entitled Des dispositions innees de l'dme et de l'esprit, which he afterwards incorporated with his greater work. In 1819 he became a naturalized French subject, but his efforts two years afterwards to obtain See also:admission to the See also:Academy of Sciences, although supported by E. See also:Geoffroy See also:Saint-Hilaire, were unsuccessful. In 1823 he visited See also:London with the intention of giving a See also:series of phrenological lectures, but his reception was not what he had anticipated, and he speedily abandoned his plans. He continued to lecture and practise in Paris until the beginning of 1828, when he was disabled by an apoplectic seizure. His See also:death took See also:place at Montrouge near Paris, on' the 22nd of
" See also:antiquary to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king " conferred upon him. During his See also:pro-longed residences abroad he acquired a thorough knowledge of the Arabic, See also:Turkish and See also:Persian See also:languages and literatures, which, on his final return to France, enabled him to render valuable assistance to Thevenot, the keeper of the royal library, and to See also:Barthelemy d'Herbelot. After their deaths he lived for some time at See also:Caen under the roof of See also:Nicolas See also:Foucault (1643–1721), the See also:intendant of Caen, himself no mean archaeologist; and there he began the publication (12 vols., 1704–1717) of See also:Les See also:mule et une nulls, which excited immense See also:interest during the time of its See also:appearance, and is still the See also:standard French See also:translation. It had no pretensions to verbal accuracy, and the coarseness of the See also:language was modified to suit European See also:taste, but the narrative was adequately rendered. In 1701 Galland had been admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions, and in 1709 he was appointed to the See also:chair of Arabic in the See also:College de France. He continued to See also:discharge the duties of this See also:post until his death, which took place on the 17th of See also:February 1715.
Besides a number of archaeological See also:works, especially in the department of See also:numismatics, he published a compilation from the Arabic, Persian and Turkish, entitled Paroles remarquables, bons mots et maximes des orientaux (1694), and a translation from an Arabic See also:manuscript, De l'origine et du progres du cafe (1699). The former of these works appeared in an See also:English translation in 1795. His Conies et fables indiennes de See also:Bidpai et de Lokman was published (1724) after his death. Among his numerous unpublished manuscripts are a translation of the See also:Koran and a Histoire generate des em¢ereurs turcs. His See also:Journal was published by M. See also:Charles See also:Schefer in 1881.
End of Article: GALLAND, ANTOINE (1646-1715)
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