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defence of that district, he was punished at the second Restoration by a few months of neglect. Ha was soon after, however, readmitted into the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of state, where he distinguished himself by the prudence and conciliatory tendency of his views. In 1819 he opened at the See also:

law-school of See also:

Paris a class of public and administrative law, which in 1822 was suppressed by See also:

government, but was reopened six years later under the See also:

MARTIGNAC, JEAN BAPTISTE SYLVERE GAY, VICOMTE DE (1778-183z)

Martignac ministry. In 1837 he was made a See also:

baron. He died at Paris on the 9th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1842. De Gerando's best-known See also:

WORK

work is his Histoire comparee See also:

des systemes de philosophic relativement aux principes des conuctissances humaines (Paris, 1804, 3 vols.). The germ of this work had already appeared in the author's M emoire de la See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation des connaissances humaines (See also:

Berlin, 18o2), which was crowned by the See also:

Academy of Berlin. In it de Gerando, after a rapid See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of See also:

ancient and See also:

MODERN

modern speculations on the origin of our ideas, singles out the theory of See also:

PRIMARY

primary ideas, which he endeavours to combat under all its forms. The latter See also:

HALF

half of the work, devoted to the See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the intellectual faculties, is intended to show how all human knowledge is the result of experience; and reflection is assumed as the source of our ideas of substance, of unity and of identity.

It is divided into two parts, the first of which is purely See also:

HISTORICAL

historical, and devoted to an exposition of various philosophical systems; in the second, which comprises fourteen chapters of the entire work, the distinctive characters and value of these systems are compared and discussed. In spite of the disadvantage that it is impossible to See also:

SEPARATE

separate advantageously the See also:

HISTORY

history and See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination of any See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine in the arbitrary manner which de Gerando See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose, the work has See also:

GREAT

great merits. In correctness of detail and comprehensiveness of view it was greatly See also:

SUPERIOR

superior to every work of the same See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind that had hitherto appeared in France. During the Empire and the first years of the Restoration, de Gerando found time to prepare a second edition (Paris, 1822, 4 vols.), which is enriched with so many additions that it may pass for an entirely new work. The last See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of the See also:

PART

part published during the author's lifetime ends with the revival of letters and the See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. The second part, carrying the work down to the See also:

close of the 18th century, was published posthumously by his son in 4 vols. (Paris, 1847). Twenty-three chapters of this were See also:

LEFT

left See also:

COMPLETE

complete by the author in See also:

MANUSCRIPT

manuscript; the remaining three were supplied from other See also:

SOURCES

sources, chiefly printed but unpublished See also:

MEMOIRS

memoirs. His essay Du perfectionnement moral et de l'See also:

EDUCATION

education de soi-meeeme was crowned by the French Academy in 1825. The fundamental See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of this work is that human life is in reality only a great education, of which perfection is the aim. Besides the See also:

WORKS

works already mentioned, de Gerando left many others, of which we may indicate the following: Considerations sur diverses mkthodes d'observation des peoples sausages (Paris, 18os); Eloge de Dumarsais,—discours qui a remporte le prix propose See also:

PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par la seconde classe de l'Institut See also:

NATIONAL

National (Paris, 18o5); Le Visiteur de pauvre (Paris, 182o) ; Instituts du See also:

DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit administratif (4 vols., Paris, 183o) ; Cours normal des instituteurs primaires ou directions relatives a l'education physique, morale, et intellectuelle dans See also:

les ecoles primaires (Paris, 1832); De l'education des sourds-muets (2 vols., Paris, 1832); De la bienfaisance publique (4 vols., 1838). A detailed analysis of the Histoire comparee des systemes will be found in the Fragments philosophiques of M.

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