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See also:RAYMUND OF See also:TOULOUSE (sometimes also called Raymund of St See also:Giles, after a See also:town to the See also:south of See also:Nimes) , See also:count of See also:Provence, one of the leaders of the first Crusade. According to an Armenian authority, he had lost an See also:eye on a See also:pilgrimage to See also:Jerusalem before the first Crusade; but the statement probably rests on the fact that he was one-eyed, vir monoculus. He is also re-corded to have fought against the See also:Moors in See also:Spain before 1o96; and it is certain that he was the first of the princes of the See also:West to take the See also:cross after See also:Pope See also:Urban's See also:sermon at Clermont. The See also:oldest and the richest of the crusading princes, the count of Provence started, at the end of See also:October 1096, with a large See also:company, which included his wife, his son, and See also:Adhemar, See also:bishop of See also:Puy, the Papal See also:Legate. His See also:march See also:lay by See also:Ragusa and See also:Scutari to Durazzo, whence he struck eastward, along the route also used by See also:Bohemund, to See also:Constantinople. At the end of See also:April 1097 he was with difficulty induced to take a somewhat negative See also:oath of fealty to Alexius; for the obstinacy which was one of his characteristics, coupled perhaps with some See also:hope of acquiring new territories, made him reluctant to submit like the other crusaders to Alexius. He was See also:present at See also:Nicaea and Dorylaeum; but he first showed his See also:hand in October 1097, when, as the See also:army neared See also:Antioch, and a rumour was spread that Antioch had been deserted by the See also:Turks, he sent a detachment in advance to occupy the See also:city—an See also:action which presaged his future difficulties with Bohemund, the would-be See also:prince of Antioch. In the See also:siege of Antioch (which was far from having been deserted) Raymund played his See also:part. When the city was taken by Bohemund (See also:June 1o98), the count garrisoned the palatium Cassiani (the See also:palace of the emir, Yagi Sian) and the See also:tower over the See also:Bridge See also:Gate. He lay See also:ill during the second siege of Antioch by Kerbogha; but in his See also:camp a See also:great spiritualistic activity culminated in the See also:discovery of the See also:Holy See also:Lance by the Provengals. The See also:miracle stimulated the crusaders to defeat Kerbogha: the Lance itself, discovered by the Provengals and carried henceforward by their count, became a valuable asset in Raymund's favour; and he began to put difficulties in the way of Bohemund's retention of Antioch, obstinately alleging the oath to Alexius, and refusing to surrender the positions in the city which he had occupied. A struggle thus arose between the Provengals and the See also:Normans, partly with regard to the genuineness of the Lance, which the Normans naturally doubted, and partly with regard to the See also:possession of Antioch—the real issue at stake. Raymund was the first of the princes to leave Antioch, moving southward in the autumn of ro98 to the siege of Marra, but leaving a detachment of his troops in Antioch, With Bohemund See also:left behind in Antioch; with the possession of the Holy Lance to give him See also:prestige; and with the See also:wealth which he had at his disposal, the count of Provence now definitely began to figure as the See also:leader of the Crusade. If he could have consented to leave Bohemund in possession of Antioch and push south-See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward, he might have achieved much. But he could not See also:stomach the greatness of Bohemund; and when the Normans turned his troops out of Antioch in See also:January 1099, he marched from Marra (which had been captured in See also:December 1098) into the. emirate of See also:Tripoli, and began the siege of See also:Area (See also:February 1099), evidently with the See also:idea of See also:founding a See also:power in Tripoli which would check the expansion of Bohemund's principality to the south. The siege of Area was protracted; and the selfish policy of the count, which thus deferred the march to Jerusalem, lost him all support from the See also:mass of the crusaders. A See also:wave of indignation in the ranks, and the inducements which the emir of Tripoli offered to the other princes, forced Raymund to desist from the siege (May 1098), and to march southwards to Jerusalem. After the See also:capture of Jerusalem, Raymund was offered, but refused, the advocacy of the Holy See also:Sepulchre. He alleged his reluctance to See also:rule in the city in which See also:Christ had suffered:
it is perhaps permissible to suspect that he hankered for the principality of Tripoli and the renewal of hostilities with Bohemund. As at Antioch, so at Jerusalem, he See also:fell into strife with the new ruler; and it was only with difficulty that See also:Godfrey was able to secure from him the possession of the Tower of See also:David, which he had originally occupied. The grasping nature of Raymund again appeared after the See also:battle of See also:Ascalon, when his eagerness to occupy Ascalon for himself prevented it from being occupied at all; while Godfrey also blamed him for the failure of his army to capture See also:Arsuf. It almost seems as if the count could not appear without becoming a centre of storms; and when he went See also:north, in the See also:winter of 1099-1100, his first See also:act was one of hostility against Bohemund, from whom he helped to wrest See also:Laodicea. From Laodicea he went to Constantinople, where he fraternized with Alexius, the great enemy of his own enemy Bohemund. Joining in the ill-fated Crusade which followed in the See also:wake of the First, he was successful in escaping from the debacle, and returning to Constantinople. In 1102 he came by See also:sea from Constantinople to Antioch, .where he was imprisoned by See also:Tancred, See also:regent of Antioch during the captivity of Bohemund, and only dismissed upon promising not to See also:attempt any conquests in the See also:country between Antioch and See also:Acre. He See also:broke his promise, attacking and capturing See also:Tortosa, and beginning to build a See also:castle for the reduction of Tripoli (on the See also:Mons Peregrinus). In this policy he was aided by Alexius, who was naturally willing to see the erection of a tributary See also:county of Tripoli to the south of Bohelnund's principality. In 1105 Raymund died. He was succeeded by his See also:nephew See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, who in 1109, with the aid of See also:Baldwin I., captured the town and definitely established the county of Tripoli. William was ousted in the same See also:year by Raymund's eldest son See also:Bertrand; and the county continued in the possession of his See also:house during the 12th See also:century.'
Raymund of Toulouse represents the Provencal See also:element in the first Crusade, as Bohemund represents the See also:Norman, and Godfrey and Baldwin the Lotharingian. Religiosity, obstinacy and greed seem curiously blended in his See also:composition. The first quality appears in the See also:episode of the Lance, and in his renunciation of the advocacy of Jerusalem: the second appears in the whole of his attitude to Bohemund: the third appears again and again, whenever the progress of the See also:Crusades brought any new See also:conquest. If in temperament he is the least attractive among the princes of the first Crusade, he was yet one of its foremost leaders, and he left his See also:mark upon See also:history in the See also:foundation of the county of Tripoli.
Raymund of Agiles, a clerk in the Provencal army, gives the history of the first Crusade from his See also:master's point of view. For a See also:modern See also:account of Count Raymund's part in the crusading See also:movement, one may refer to Rohricht's See also:works (see/CRUSADES).
(E.
End of Article: RAYMUND OF TOULOUSE (sometimes also called Raymund of St Giles, after a town to the south of Nimes)
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