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See also:RECENT LITERATURE (where references to older See also:works will be found) : See also:Cheyne, " See also:Hosea " in See also:Cambridge See also:Bible (1884) ; W. R. See also: ' Apart from glosses and See also:minor alterations, the only other See also:critical problem of importance is that of the references to See also:Judah scattered throughout the book (i. 7, iv. 15, V. 5, v. Io f., vi. 4, II, viii. 14, X. II, xi. 12). 'there is no inherent improbability in some mention'of the See also:sister See also:kingdom; but some of the actual references do suggest See also:interpolation, especially i. 7, where the deliverance of Judah from See also:Sennacherib in 701 B.C. seems intended. Each See also:case, as Wellhausen implies, is to be considered on its merits. On these and other suspected passages, cf. Cheyne, Intro. to W. E. Smith's Prophets of Israel, pp. xvii.-xxii.; Marti, p. 8; Harper, O. clix. 2 See also:Driver. See also:Deuteronomy, p. See also:xxvii.Biblica, ii. c. 2119 (i9ol) (a revision of the See also:original See also:article by W. R. Smith, in the Ency. Britannica, partially reproduced above); Marti, Dodekapropheton (19o3); NV. R. Harper, " See also:Amos and Hosea " in Inter. Critical Commentary (19o5) (with copious bibliography). (W. R. S.; H. W. R.*) See also:HOSE-See also:PIPE, or simply " hose," the name given to flexible piping by means of which See also:water may be conveyed from one See also:place to another. One end of the pipe is connected to the source of the water, while the other end is See also:free, so that the direction of the stream of water which issues from the pipe may be changed at will. The method of manufacture and the strength of the materials used depend naturally upon the particular use to which the finished article is to be put See also:Simple See also:garden hose is often made of See also:india-See also:rubber or See also:composition, but the hose intended for See also:fire See also:brigade and similar important purposes must be of a much more substantial material. The most satisfactory material is the best See also:long See also:flax, although See also:cotton is also extensively used for many types of this fabric. The flax fibre, after having been carefully spun into See also:yarn, is boiled twice and then beetled; these two processes remove all injurious See also:matter, and make the yarn soft and lustrous. The yarn is then See also:wound on to large bobbins, and made into a See also:chain; the number of threads in the chain depends upon the See also:size of the hose, which may be anything from See also:half an See also:inch to 15 in. or even more in See also:diameter. When the chain is warped, it is beamed upon the See also:weaver's See also:beam, and the ends—either See also:double or triple—are See also:drawn through the leaves of the cambs of heddles, passed through the See also:reed and finally tied to the See also:cloth beam. The preparation of the warp for any See also:kind of See also:loom varies very little, but the See also:weaving may vary greatly. In all cases the hose fabric is essentially circular, although it appears quite See also:flat during the weaving operation. There are very few See also:hand-made fabrics which can compete with the See also:machine-made article, but the very best type of hose-pipe is certainly one of the former class. The cloth can be made much more cheaply in the See also:power-loom than in the hand-loom, but, up to the See also:present, no power-loom has been made which can weave as substantial a cloth as the hand-loom product; the weak See also:part in all hose-pipes is where the weft passes See also:round the sides from See also:top to bottom of the fabric or See also:vice versa, that is, the See also:side corresponding to the selvages in an See also:ordinary cloth; the hand-loom weaver can draw the weft tighter than is possible in the power-loom, hence the threads at the sides can be brought See also:close together, and by this means the fabric is made almost, but not quite, as perfect here as in other parts. It is essential that the warp threads be held tightly in the loom, and to secure this, they pass alternately over and under three or four back rests before reaching the heddles or cambs, which are almost invariably made of See also:wire. Although the warp yarn is made very soft and pliable by boiling and beetling, the weaver always tallows it in See also:order to make it See also:work more easily. The commonest type of hose-pipe is made on the double-See also:plain principle of weaving, the cloth being perfectly plain but See also:woven in such a manner that the pipe is without seams of any kind. Fig. 1 is a See also:design showing two repeats or eight shots in the way of the weft, and six repeats or twenty-four threads in the way of the warp, consequently the weave is See also:complete on four threads, or leaves, and four picks. Fig. 2 illustrates the method of interlacing the threads Pw awi ^RR EMI •wfal %%I ^ Joe :ai el nag Cwi raam ma maw aa. See also:seal vas See also:ale N A:See also:aaa an aaa aaa raa aaa and the picks: this figure shows that twenty-three threads only are used, the first See also:thread—shown shaded in fig. 1—having been See also:left out. It is necessary to use a number of threads which is either one less or one more than some multiple of four—the number of threads in the unit weave. The sectional view (fig. 2), although indicating the crossings of. the warp and the weft, is quite different from an actual See also:section through the threads: the warp is almost invariably t*o or three ply, and in addition two or more of these See also:twisted threads pass through the same See also:heddle-See also:eye in the camb; moreover, they are set very closely together—so closely, indeed, that the threads entirely conceal the weft; it is, therefore, impossible to give a correct sectional view with satisfactory clearness, as the threads are so very See also:rank, but fig. 3 gives some See also:idea of the structure of the fabric. This view shows ninety-nine threads and one complete round of weft; this round is, of course, equal to two picks or shots—one pick for the top part of the cloth and one for the bottom part. A comparison of this figure with fig. 2 will, perhaps, make the description clearer. The weft in fig. 3 is thinner than the warp, but, in practice, it is always much thicker, and may consist of from two to seventy threads twisted together. Hose-pipes are also woven with the three-See also:leaf See also:twill on both sides, and occasionally with the four-leaf twill. These pipes, woven with the twill weaves, are usually lined with a pure rubber See also:tube which is fixed to the inside of the cloth by another layer the the Warp. not invariably, a smoother inner See also:surface than those which are unlined, hence, when they are used, less See also:friction is presented to the flow of water, and there is less tendency for the pipe to leak. They are, therefore, suitable for hotels, public buildings and similar places where their temporary use will not result in undue damage to articles of See also:furniture, carpets and See also:general decoration. The greatest care must be observed in the weaving of these fabrics, the slightest flaw in the structure rendering the article practically useless. After the cloth has been woven, it is carefully examined, and then steeped in a chemical See also:solution which acts as an antiseptic. The cloth is thus effectively preserved from See also:mildew, and is, in addition, made more pliable. Finally the hose-pipe is dried artificially, and then fitted with the necessary couplings and nozzles. For a more detailed description of circular weaving see Woodhouse and Milne, Textile Design: Pure and Applied. (T. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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