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heir-presumptive, and he is supposed to have imagined that he would be able to select whichever of his sons he pleased for his successor. But he found, after the See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change had been made, that the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers interpreted the new arrangement as applying strictly to the eldest son. Tewfik therefore became heir-apparent. He was given a See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace near See also:

Cairo to live in, and for twelve years he passed an uneventful See also:

LIFE

life, farming, and establishing a reputation for See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good sense and See also:

FAIR

fair dealing with his fellah tenants. In 1878 he was appointed See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council after the dismissal of Nubar Pasha. He held this See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office only for .a few months; but this was See also:

long enough to show that, if he was unambitious and not particularly intelligent or energetic, he had the See also:

WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom to refrain from taking a See also:

PART

part in the intrigues which then formed the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief part of See also:

POLITICAL

political life in Egypt. He went back to his See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and settled down once more to a quiet country life.

He was not left undisturbed for long. On the 26th of See also:

JUNE

June 1879 Ismail, at the instance of See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

France, was deposed by the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan, who sent orders at the same See also:

time that Tewfik should be proclaimed khedive. The new See also:

VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy was so little pleased by the See also:

NEWS

news of his See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession that he soundly boxed the ears of the servant who first brought the tidings to him. Egypt at that time was involved in See also:

FINANCIAL

financial and political troubles brought about by the policy of Ismail (q.v.), and the situation was made worse by the inaction of See also:

England and France for some months following Tewfik's ac-cession. Tewfik's See also:

PEOPLE

people were dissatisfied, his See also:

army disaffected; his advisers were nearly all of the adventurer class, with their own ends to gain; and he himself had neither the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a strong ruler nor the experience that would have enabled him to secure an orderly See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of affairs. Disorder prevailed until November 1879, when the dual See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control was re-established by the governments of Great Britain and France. For over two years See also:

Major See also:

BARING

Baring (afterwards See also:

Lord See also:

Cromer), Mr (afterwards See also:

Sir) See also:

Auckland See also:

Colvin, and M. de Blignieres practically, governed the country, endeavouring to See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute reforms while possessing no means of See also:

coercion. During all this time the disaffection in the See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian army was increasing. Tewfik has been blamed for his failure to take a See also:

FIRM

firm See also:

LINE

line with the rebels, but his attitude was governed by his relations with Great Britain and France, and he was unable to control events. The dissatisfaction culminated in the See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

FOREIGN

foreign See also:

MOVEMENT

movement headed by Arabi Pasha (q.v.), who had gained See also:

COMPLETE

complete command of the army. In See also:

JULY

July 1882 the attitude of Arabi, who was carrying out defensive See also:

WORKS

works on a large See also:

scale, made it necessary for the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

ADMIRAL

admiral (Sir See also:

Beauchamp See also:

Seymour, afterwards Lord See also:

Alcester) to declare that he would See also:

BOMBARD (derived through Med. Lat. and Fr. forms from Gr. (3oµ(3eiv, to make a humming noise)

bombard the forts of See also:

Alexandria unless they were handed over to him. Before the See also:

BOMBARDMENT

bombardment began it was suggested to Tewfik that he should leave the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and embark either upon a See also:

man-of-See also:

war belonging to one of the neutral powers, or in his own yacht, or in a See also:

MAIL

mail steamer which was then in the See also:

PORT

port.

His See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer was, " I am still khedive, and I remain with my people in the See also:

HOUR

hour of their danger." At his palace of Ramleh, 3 M. from the See also:

TOWN

town, he was beyond reach of the shells, but his life was nevertheless imperilled. When the See also:

REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel soldiers attacked the palace he managed to make his See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape and to reach another palace after passing through the burning streets of Alexandria. Here he was obliged to agree that a guard of British bluejackets should protect him from further See also:

RISK

risk. He showed his courage equally during the See also:

CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera epidemic at Alexandria in 1883. He had gone back to Cairo after the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Tel-el-Kebir, had consented to the reforms insisted upon by Great Britain, and had assumed the position of a constitutional ruler under the guidance of Lord Dufferin, the British See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner. When the cholera See also:

broke out, he insisted upon going to Alexandria. His wife accompanied him, and he went See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the hospitals, setting an excellent example to the authorities of the city, and encouraging the patients by See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind and hopeful words. In 1884 Sir See also:

EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn Baring went back to Egypt as See also:

DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent and See also:

consul-See also:

general of Great Britain. His first task was to demand that Tewfik should abandon the See also:

SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan. Tewfik gave his See also:

con-sent with natural reluctance, but, having consented, he did everything he could to ensure the success of the policy which Baring had been sent to carry out. He behaved with equal propriety during the negotiations between Sir H. See also:

Drummond See also:

Wolff and the See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy, Mukhtar Pasha, in 1886.

His position was not a dignified one—that of a titular ruler compelled to stand by while others discussed and managed the affairs of his country. The sultan was his suzerain; in Great Britain he recognized his See also:

PROTECTOR

protector: to the representative of each he endeavoured to show friendliness and esteem. As time went on his confidence in Baring increased, until at last he deferred to the British agent in almost everything. On occasion, however, he acted on his own initiative, as when in June 1888 he dismissed Nubar Pasha and summoned Riaz Pasha to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

MINISTRY

ministry—an See also:

ACTION

action influenced, nevertheless, by Tewfik's knowledge of the divergence of views between Nubar and the British agent. Baring encouraged Tewfik to show his activity in matters of administration, and he took a great See also:

INTEREST

interest in all matters connected with See also:

IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation, See also:

EDUCATION

education and See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice. He was not a particularly strong man either in mind or in character, but he showed a genuine See also:

DESIRE

desire to govern his country for its own benefit. He understood the importance to Egypt of British assistance and support; his natural shrewdness made him accept the British conditions; his natural good feeling kept him from any inclination to intrigue. In private life he was courteous and amiable. He had no desire to keep up the unapproachable See also:

state of an See also:

ORIENTAL

oriental ruler. Indeed, in many ways his See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and habits were less oriental than See also:

EUROPEAN

European. He married in 1873 his kinswoman, Amina Hanem, with whom he lived very happily. She was his only wife and Tewfik was a strong See also:

ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of monogamy.

He died on the 7th to See also:

JANUARY

January 1892, at the Heluan palace near Cairo, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Abbas II. (q.v.). A warm See also:

TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to Tewfik's many admirable qualities was paid by Baring (Lord Cromer) in his See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the administration of Egypt for 1891 (see Egypt, No. 3, 1892, pp. 1 and 2).

End of Article: TEWFIK PASHA (1852-1892)

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