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mate," but occasionally is called " snake-bird," not only from the undulatory motions just mentioned, but from the violent hissing with which it seeks to repel an intruder from its hole? The unmistakable See also:

note of the wryneck is merely a repetition of what may be syllabled que, que, gue, many times in See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, rapidly uttered at first, but gradually slowing and in a continually falling See also:

key. This is only heard during a few See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, and for the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the bird's stay in Europe it seems to be See also:

MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

mute. It feeds almost exclusively on See also:

INSECTS

insects, especially on ants. It is larger than a See also:

SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, but its plumage is not easily described, being beautifully variegated with See also:

black, See also:

brown, See also:

BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff and See also:

grey—the last produced by See also:

minute specks of blackish-brown on a See also:

LIGHT

light ground—the darker markings disposed in patches, vermiculated bars, freckles, streaks or arrowheads—and the whole blended most harmoniously, so as to recall the coloration of a See also:

GOATSUCKER

goatsucker (g.v.) or of a See also:

WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock (q.v.). The wryneck commonly See also:

LAYS

lays its translucent See also:

white eggs on the See also:

BARE

bare See also:

wood of a hole in a tree, and it is one of the few See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild birds that can be induced to go on laying by abstracting its eggs See also:

day after day, and thus upwards of See also:

FORTY

forty have been taken from a single hole—hut the proper See also:

COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement is from six to ten. As regards See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, the bird is most See also:

COMMON

common in the S.E., its See also:

numbers decreasing rapidly towards the W. and N., so that in See also:

CORNWALL

Cornwall and See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and beyond See also:

CHESHIRE

Cheshire and See also:

YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire its occurrence is but rare, while it appears only by See also:

accident in See also:

Scotland and See also:

Ireland. Some writers have been inclined to recognize five other See also:

SPECIES

species of the genus lynx; but the so-called I, japonica is specifically in-distinguishable from I. torquilla; while that designated, through a See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake in the locality assigned to it, I. indica, has been found to be identical with the I. See also:

PECTORALIS

pectoralis of S. See also:

Africa. Near to this is I. pulchricoll is, discovered by Emin See also:

PASHA

Pasha in the E. of the See also:

Bar-el-Djebel (This, 1884, p.

28, pl. iii.). Another distinct See also:

AFRICAN

African species is the I. aequatorialis, originally described from See also:

ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia. The wrynecks (see See also:

WOODPECKER

WOODPECKER) See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a subfamily Iynginae of the Picidae, from the more normal See also:

groups of which they differ but little in See also:

INTERNAL

internal structure, but much in coloration and in having the tail-quills flexible, or at least not stiffened to serve as props as in the climbing Picinae. (A. N.) WRY-NECK (See also:

Lat. Torticollis), a congenital or acquired deformity, characterized by the affected See also:

side of the head being See also:

DRAWN

drawn downwards towards the See also:

SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder together with deviation of the See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face towards the See also:

sound side. There are various forms. (1) The congenital, due to a See also:

LESION (through Fr. from Lat. laesio, injury, laedere, to hurt)

lesion of the sterno-mastoid muscle, either the result of a malposition in utero or due to the rupture of the muscle in the delivery of the aftercoming head in the See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the See also:

BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech presentation. (2) The rheumatic, due to exposure to a See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught or See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold. This is commonly known as " stiff-neck." (3) The See also:

NERVOUS

nervous or spasmodic, the result of (a) See also:

DIRECT

direct irritation of the See also:

SPINAL

spinal See also:

ACCESSORY

accessory See also:

NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve or its roots, or (b) the result of cerebral irritation. In this form there is generally a See also:

FAMILY

family See also:

HISTORY

history of nervous diseases, notably See also:

EPILEPSY (Gr. &L, upon, and kaµ)3avew, to seize), or FALLING

epilepsy. This spasm is one of a See also:

GROUP

group of nervous spasms known as " tics," a variety of See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit spasm.

The See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the movements varies with the muscles involved, the most usual muscle being the sternomastoid. The spasm ceases during See also:

SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep. Many cases are also due to See also:

HYSTERIA

hysteria and some to spinal See also:

CARIES

caries. When wry-neck is congenital, See also:

MASSAGE

massage and manipulation may be tried and some form of apparatus. Failing this, See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the muscle surgically ' Frequently misspelt, as by See also:

LINNAEUS

Linnaeus in his later years, Yunx. ' The peculiarity was known to See also:

Aristotle, and possibly led to the cruel use of the bird as a love-See also:

CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm, to which several classical writers refer, as See also:

PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar (Pyth. iv. 214; Nem. iv. 35), See also:

THEOCRITUS

Theocritus (iv. 17. 30) and See also:

XENOPHON

Xenophon (Memorabilia, iii. tr. 17, 18). In one See also:

PART

part at least of See also:

CHINA

China a name, Shay See also:

LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling, signifying " Snake's neck," is given to it (See also:

IBIS

Ibis, 1875, p.

125).may be practised. In the spasmodic forms, See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-neurotic treatment is recommended, the use of the bromides, valerianates and See also:

BELLADONNA (from the Ital. belle donna, " beautiful lady," the berries having been used as a cosmetic)

belladonna, and hydrobromide of hyoscine injected into the muscles has been found of value. T. Grainger See also:

Stewart re-commends in persistent See also:

tic the trial of continuous and regular movements in the affected group of muscles with a view to replacing the abnormal movements by normal ones. In severe cases it may be necessary to cut down on and stretch or See also:

EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise the spinal accessory nerve. In rheumatic torticollis the spasm is usually overcome by the application of hot compresses and appropriate anti-rheumatic treatment.

End of Article: WRYNECK (Ger. Wendehals, Dutch draaihalzen, Fr. torcol)

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