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See also:CZARNIECKI, See also:STEPHEN (1599-1665) , See also:Polish See also:general, learnt the See also:science of See also:war under Stanislaw See also:Koniecpolski in the Prussian See also:campaigns against Gustavus See also:Adolphus (1626-1629), and under See also:Wladislaus IV. in the See also:Muscovite See also:campaign of 1633. On the 15th of See also:April 1648 he was one of the many See also:noble Polish prisoners who See also:fell into the hands of See also:Chmielnicki at the See also:battle of " Yellow See also:Waters," and was sent in chains to the See also:Crimea, whence he was ransomed in 1649. He took an active See also:part in all the subsequent See also:wars with the See also:Cossacks and received more disfiguring wounds than any other See also:commander. When See also:Charles X. of See also:Sweden invaded See also:Poland in 1655, Czarniecki distinguished himself by his heroic See also:defence of See also:Cracow, which he only surrendered under the most See also:honourable conditions. His See also:energy and ability as a See also:leader of guerillas hampered Charles X. at every step, and though frequently worsted he from See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to time inflicted serious defeats upon the Swedes, notably at Jaroslaw and at Kozienice in 1656. Under his direction the popular rising against the invader ultimately proved triumphant. It was he who brought See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:John Casimir back from See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile and enabled him to regain his lost See also:kingdom. It was against his See also:advice that the See also:great battle of See also:Warsaw was fought, and his subsequent See also:strategy neutralized the See also:ill effects of that See also:national disaster. On the retirement of the Swedes from Cracow and Warsaw, and the conclusion of the treaty of See also:Copenhagen with the Danes, he commanded the See also:army See also:corps sent to drive the troops of Charles X. out of See also:Jutland and greatly contributed to the ultimate success of the See also:Allies. On the conclusion of the See also:Peace of See also:Oliva, which adjusted the See also:long outstanding See also:differences between Poland and Sweden, Czarniecki was transferred to the eastern frontier where the war with Muscovy was still raging. In the campaign of r66o he won the victories of Polonka and Lachowicza and penetrated to the See also:heart of the enemy's See also:country. The See also:diet of 1661 publicly thanked him for his services; the king heaped honours and riches upon him, and in 1665 he was appointed acting commander-in-See also:chief of Poland, but died a few days after receiving this supreme distinction. By his wife See also:Sophia Kobierzycka he See also:left two daughters. Czarniecki is rightly regarded as one of the most famous of heroic Poland's great captains, and to him belongs the chief merit of extricating her from the difficulties which threatened to overwhelm her during the disastrous reign of John Casimir. Czarniecki raised See also:partisan-warfare to the dignity of a science, and by his ubiquity and tenacity demoralized and exhausted the See also:regular armies to which he was generally opposed.
See Ludwik Jenike, Stephen Czarniecki (Pol.) (Warsaw, 1891); Michal Dymitr Krajewski, See also:History of Stephen Czarniecki (Pol.), (Cracow, 1859).
End of Article: CZARNIECKI, STEPHEN (1599-1665)
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