Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

CZARTORYSKI, ADAM GEORGE, PRINCE (177...

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 722 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

CZARTORYSKI, See also:ADAM See also:GEORGE, See also:PRINCE (1770-1861) , See also:Polish statesman, was the son of Prince Adam Casimir Czartoryski and See also:Isabella See also:Fleming. After a careful See also:education at See also:home by eminent specialists, mostly Frenchmen,' he first went abroad in 1786. At See also:Gotha he heard See also:Goethe read his Iphigenie auf Tauris, and made the acquaintance of the dignified See also:Herder and " See also:fat little See also:Wieland." In 1789 he visited See also:England with his See also:mother, and was See also:present at the trial of See also:Warren See also:Hastings. On a second visit in 1793 he made many acquaintances among the See also:English See also:aristocracy and studied the English constitution. In the See also:interval between these visits he fought for his See also:country during the See also:war of the second See also:partition, and would subsequently have served under See also:Kosciuszko also had he not been arrested on his way to See also:Poland at See also:Brussels by the See also:Austrian See also:government. After the third. partition the estates of the Czartoryskis were confiscated, and in May 1795 Adam and his younger See also:brother See also:Constantine were summoned to St See also:Petersburg; later in the See also:year they were commanded to enter the See also:Russian service, Adam becoming an officer in the See also:horse, and Constantine in the See also:foot See also:guards. See also:Catherine was so favourably impressed by the youths that she restored them See also:part of their estates, and in the beginning of 1796 made them gentlemen in waiting. Adam had already met the See also:grand See also:duke See also:Alexander at a See also:ball at the princess See also:Golitsuin's, and the youths at once conceived a strong " intellectual friend-See also:ship " for each other. On the See also:accession of the See also:emperor See also:Paul, 1 Among them was the famous democrat See also:Dupont de See also:Nemours. Czartoryski was appointed See also:adjutant to Alexander, now See also:Cesarevich, and was permitted to revisit his Polish estates for three months. At this See also:time the See also:tone of the Russian See also:court was extremely liberal, humanitarian enthusiasts like See also:Peter Volkonsky and Nikolai Novosiltsov possessing See also:great See also:influence. Throughout the reign of Paul, Czartoryski was in high favour and on terms of the closest intimacy with the emperor, who in See also:December 1798 appointed him See also:ambassador to the court of See also:Sardinia.

On reaching See also:

Italy Czartoryski found that the monarch to whom he was accredited was a See also:king without a See also:kingdom, so that the outcome of his first See also:diplomatic See also:mission was a pleasant tour through Italy to See also:Naples, the acquisition of the See also:Italian See also:language, and a careful exploration of the antiquities of See also:Rome. In the See also:spring of 18o1 the new emperor Alexander summoned his friend back to St Petersburg. Czartoryski found the See also:tsar still suffering from remorse at his See also:father's assassination, and incapable of doing anything but talk See also:religion and politics to a small circle of private See also:friends. To all remonstrances he only replied " There's plenty of time." The See also:senate did most of the current business; Peter Vasilevich Zavadovsky, a See also:pupil of the See also:Jesuits, was See also:minister of education. Alexander appointed Czartoryski See also:curator of the See also:academy of See also:Vilna (See also:April 3, 1803) that he might give full See also:play to his advanced ideas. He was unable, however, to give much See also:attention to education, for from the beginning of 1804, as See also:adjunct of See also:foreign affairs, he had the See also:practical See also:control of Russian See also:diplomacy. His first See also:act was to protest energetically against the See also:murder of the duc d'See also:Enghien (See also:March 20, 1804), and insist on an immediate rupture with See also:France. On the 7th of See also:June the See also:French minister Hedouville quitted St Petersburg; and on the 11th of See also:August a See also:note dictated by Czartoryski to Alexander was sent to the Russian minister in See also:London, urging the formation of an See also:anti-French See also:coalition. It was Czartoryski also who framed the See also:Convention of the 6th of See also:November 1804, whereby See also:Russia agreed to put 115,000 and See also:Austria 235,000 men in the See also:field against See also:Napoleon. Finally, on the 1 rth of April 1805 he signed an offensive-defensive See also:alliance with England. But his most striking ministerial act was a memorial written in 18o5, but otherwise undated, which aimed at transforming the whole See also:map of See also:Europe. In brief it amounted to this.

Austria and See also:

Prussia were to See also:divide See also:Germany between them. Russia was to acquire the See also:Dardanelles, the See also:Sea of See also:Marmora, the Bosphorus with See also:Constantinople, and See also:Corfu. Austria was to have Bosnia, Wallachia and See also:Ragusa. See also:Montenegro, enlarged by See also:Mostar and the Ionian Islands, was to See also:form a See also:separate See also:state. England and Russia together were to maintain the See also:equilibrium of the See also:world. In return for their acquisitions in Germany, Austria and Prussia were to consent to the erection of an autonomous Polish state extending from See also:Danzig to the See also:sources of the See also:Vistula, under the See also:protection of Russia. Fantastic as it was in some particulars, this project was partly realized2 in more See also:recent times, and it presented the best See also:guarantee for the See also:independent existence of Poland which had never been able to govern itself. But in the meantime Austria had come to an understanding with England as to subsidies, and war had begun. In 1805 Czartoryski accompanied Alexander both to See also:Berlin and See also:Olmutz as See also:chief minister. He regarded the Berlin visit as a blunder, chiefly owing to his profound distrust of Prussia; but Alexander ignored his representations, and in See also:February 1807 he lost favour and was superseded by Andrei See also:Eberhard Budberg. But though no longer a minister Czartoryski continued to enjoy Alexander's confidence in private, and in 1810 the emperor candidly admitted to Czartoryski that his policy in 1805 had been erroneous and he had not made a proper use of his opportunities. The same year Czartoryski quitted St Petersburg for ever; but the See also:personal relations between him and Alexander were never better.

The friends met again at See also:

Kalisch shortly before the See also:signature of the Russo-Prussian alliance of the loth of February 1813, and Czartoryski was in the emperor's See also:suite at See also:Paris in 1814, and rendered his See also:sovereign material services at the See also:congress of See also:Vienna. On the erection of the congressional kingdom of Poland 2 e.g. Austria obtained Bosnia, and Montenegro has been enlarged, every one thought that Czartoryski, who more than any other See also:man had prepared the way for it, would be its first See also:governor-See also:general, but he was content with the See also:title of senator-See also:palatine and a See also:share in the See also:administration. In 1817 the prince married See also:Anna Sapiezanko, the See also:wedding leading to a See also:duel with his See also:rival Pac. On the See also:death of his father in 1823 he retired to his ancestral See also:castle at Pulawy; but the Revolution of 1830 brought him back to public See also:life. As See also:president of the provisional government he summoned (Dec. 28th, 283o) the See also:Diet of 1832, and after the termination of See also:Chlopicki's dictatorship was elected chief of the supreme See also:council by 121 out of 138 votes (See also:January 3oth). On the 16th of See also:September his disapproval of the popular excesses at See also:Warsaw caused him to quit the government after sacrificing See also:half his See also:fortune to the See also:national cause; but it must be admitted that throughout the insurrection he did not act up to his great reputation. Yet the See also:energy of the sexagenarian statesman was wonderful. On the 23rd of August he joined Girolano Ramorino's See also:army-See also:corps as a volunteer, and subsequently formed a See also:confederation of the three See also:southern provinces of Kalisch, See also:Sandomir and See also:Cracow. At the end of the war he emigrated to France, where he resided during the last See also:thirty years of his life. He died at his country See also:residence at Montfermeil, near See also:Meaux, on the 15th of See also:July 1861.

He See also:

left two sons, Witold (1824–1865), and Wladyslaus (1828–1894), and a daughter Isabella, who married See also:Jan Dzialynski in 1857. The See also:principal See also:works of Czartoryski are Essai sur la diplomatie (See also:Marseilles, 183o); Life of J. U. Niemcewiez (Poi). (Paris, 186o); Alexander I. et Czartoryski: correspondance . . . et conversations (1801–1823) (Paris, 1865); Memoires et correspondance avec Alex. I., with See also:preface by C. de Mazade, 2 vols. (Paris, 1887); an English See also:translation See also:Memoirs of Czartoryski, &c., edited by A. Gielguch, with documents See also:relating to his negotiations with See also:Pitt, and conversations with See also:Palmerston in 1832 (2 vols., London, ,888). See Bronislaw Zaleski, Life of Adam Czartoryski (Pol.) (Paris, '881); Lubomir Gadon, Prince Adam Czartoryski (Pol.) (Cracow, 1892); Ludovik Debicki, Pulawy, vol. iv.; Lubomir Gadon, Prince Adam Czartoryski during the Insurrection of November (Pol.) (Cracow, 1900). (R. N.

End of Article: CZARTORYSKI, ADAM GEORGE, PRINCE (1770-1861)

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
CZARNIECKI, STEPHEN (1599-1665) 		[next]
CZARTORYSKI, FRYDERYK MICHAL, PRINCE (1696-1775)

Site © 2006 - Net Industries