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See also:GERMAN CATHOLICS (Deutschkatholiken) , the name assumed in See also:Germany towards the See also:close of 1844 by certain dissentients from the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of See also:Rome. The most prominent See also:leader of the German See also:Catholic See also:movement was Johann Ronge, a See also:priest who in the Sdchsische Vaterlandsblatter for the 15th of See also:October 1844 made a vigorous attack upon Wilhelm Arnoldi, See also:bishop of See also:Trier since 1842, for having ordered (for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time since 181o) the exposition of the " See also:holy coat of Trier," alleged to be the seamless robe of See also:Christ, an event which See also:drew countless pilgrims to the See also:cathedral. Ronge, who had formerly been See also:chaplain at Grottkau, was then a schoolmaster at See also:Laurahutte near the See also:Polish border. The See also:article made a See also:great sensation, and led to Ronge's See also:excommunication by the See also:chapter of See also:Breslau in See also:December 1844. The ex-priest received a large amount of public sympathy, and a dissenting See also:congregation was almost immediately formed at Breslau with a very See also:simple creed, in which the See also:chief articles were belief in See also:God the See also:Father, creator and ruler of the universe;
1 Beissel (known in the community as " Friedsam ") was their leader until his See also:death ; he published several collections of See also:hymns. The See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone over his See also:grave bears the inscription: " Here rests an out-growth of the love of God, ` Friedsam, a Solitary See also:Brother, after-wards a leader of the Solitary and the Congregation of See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
Grace in and around Ephrata ... See also:Fell asleep See also:July 6, 1768, in the 52nd See also:year of his spiritual See also:life, but the 72nd year and See also:fourth See also:month of his natural life." The See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of Ephrata was separated from the township
in 1821. Pop. (1900) of the borough, 2451; of the township, 2390. The 1821.
Brother See also:House " and the " See also:Sister House " are still See also:standing
(though in a dilapidated See also:condition). In 1777, after the See also:battle of See also:Brandywine, many wounded See also:American soldiers were nursed here by the Sisters, and about zoo are buried here.
in Jesus Christ the Saviour, who delivers from the bondage of See also:sin by his life, See also:doctrine and death; in the operation of the Holy See also:Ghost; in a holy, universal, See also:Christian church; in forgiveness of sins and the life See also:everlasting. The See also:Bible was made the See also:sole See also:rule, and all See also:external authority was barred. Within a few See also:weeks similar communities were formed at See also:Leipzig, See also:Dresden, See also:Berlin, See also:Offenbach, See also:Worms, See also:Wiesbaden and elsewhere; and at a " See also:council" convened at Leipzig at See also:Easter 1845, twenty-seven congregations were represented by delegates, of whom only two or at most three were in clerical orders.
Even before the beginning of the agitation led by Ronge, another movement fundamentally distinct, though in some respects similar, had been originated at See also:Schneidemuhl, See also:Posen, under the guidance of Johann Czerski (1813-1893), also a priest, who had come into collision with the church authorities on the then much discussed question of mixed marriages, and also on that of the See also:celibacy of the See also:clergy. The result had been his suspension from See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in See also:March 1844; his public withdrawal, along with twenty-four adherents, from the See also:Roman communion in See also:August; his excommunication; and the formation, in October, of a " Christian Catholic " congregation which, while rejecting clerical celibacy, the use of Latin in public See also:worship, and the doctrines of See also:purgatory and transubstantia tion, retained the Nicene See also:theology and the doctrine of the seven sacraments. Czerski had been at some of the sittings of the " German Catholic!” council of Leipzig; but when a See also:formula somewhat similar to that of Breslau had been adopted, he refused his See also:signature because the divinity of Christ had been ignored, and he and his congregation continued to retain by preference the name of " Christian Catholics,” which they had originally assumed. Of the German Catholic congregations which had been represented at Leipzig some manifested a preference for the See also:fuller and more See also:positive creed of Schneidemuhl, but a great See also:majority continued to accept the comparatively rationalistic position of the Breslau school. The number of these rapidly increased, and the congregations scattered over Germany numbered nearly 200. External and See also:internal checks, however, soon limited this advance. In See also:Austria, and ultimately also in See also:Bavaria, the use of the
name German Catholics was officially prohibited, that of " Dissidents !! being substituted, while in See also:Prussia, See also:Baden and See also:Saxony the adherents of the new creed were laid under various disabilities, being suspected both of undermining See also:religion and of encouraging the revolutionary tendencies of the See also:age. Ronge himself was a foremost figure in the troubles of 1848; after the See also:dissolution of the See also:Frankfort See also:parliament he lived for some. time in See also:London, returning in r86r to Germany. He died at See also:Vienna on the 26th of October 1887. In 1859 some of the German Catholics entered into corporate See also:union with the " See also:Free Congregations,!! an association of free-thinking communities that had since 1844 been gradually withdrawing from the orthodox See also:Protestant Church, when the See also:united See also:body took the See also:title of "The Religious Society of Free Congregations." Before that time many of the congregations which were formed in 1844 and the years immediately following had been dissolved, including that of Schneidemuhl
itself, which ceased to exist in 1857. There are now only about 2000 strict German Catholics, all in Saxony. The movement has been superseded by the Old Catholic (q.v.) organization.
See G. G. See also:Gervinus, See also:Die See also:Mission See also:des Deutschkatholicismus (1846) ; F. Kampe, Das Wesen des Deutschkatholicismus (1860); Findel, Der Deutschkatholicismus in Sachsen (1895); Carl Mirbt, in See also:Herzog-Hauck's Realencyk. See also:fur prof. Theol. iv. 583.
End of Article: GERMAN CATHOLICS (Deutschkatholiken)
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