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GERMAN EAST AFRICA
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See also:GERMAN See also:EAST See also:AFRICA , a See also:country occupying the east-central portion of the See also:African See also:continent. The See also:colony extends at its greatest length See also:north to See also:south from 1° to I1° S., and See also:west to east from 300 to 400 E. It is bounded E. by the See also:Indian Ocean (the See also:coast-See also:line extending from 40 20' to 10° 40' S.), N.E. and N. by See also:British East Africa and See also:Uganda, W. by Belgian See also:Congo, S.W. by British Central Africa and S. by Portuguese East Africa. See also:Area and Boundaries.—On the north the boundary line runs N.W. from the mouth of the Umba See also:river to See also:Lake Jipe and See also:Mount Kili- manjaro, including both in the See also:protectorate, and 'thence to See also:Victoria See also:Nyanza; See also:crossing it at i° S., which parallel it follows till it reaches 3o° E. In the west the frontier is as follows: From the point of intersection of I° S. and 3o° E., a line See also:running S. and S.W. to the north-west end of Lake See also:Kivu, thence across that lake near its western See also:shore, and along the river Rusizi, which issues from it, to the spot where the Rusizi enters the north end of Lake See also:Tanganyika; along the See also:middle line of Tanganyika to near its See also:southern end, when it is deflected eastward to the point where the river Kalambo enters the lake (thus leaving the southern end of Tanganyika to See also:Great See also:Britain). From this point the frontier runs across the See also:plateau between Lakes Tanganyika and See also:Nyasa, in its southern See also:section following the course of the river Songwe. Thence it goes down the middle of Nyasa as far as II° 3o' S. The southern frontier goes See also:direct from the last-named point eastward to the See also:Rovuma river, which separates German and Portuguese territory. A little before the Indian Ocean is reached the frontier is deflected south so as to leave the mouth of the Rovuma in German East Africa. These boundaries include an area of about 364,000 sq. m. (nearly See also:double the See also:size of See also:Germany), with a See also:population estimated in 1910 at 8,000,000. Of A 3~ B 36° 4° D IUGAN C<t' P O -w 86,_ _- c Bu 1 7 a See also:Tun 1 -0 -ukNy f-0 17 a ob rar k $ 1 ^aeMt. gJ2'~7 (!7 - C sn ~, ., ' t r< NatSi k fnpa. e an zaM B M ~V ,: t .tF Y SCI :°E / a[. J ~ RII See also:CON TA T 1 MI ' M \IAFRICA° K u •i'j p a{{ , 'er 5..n a g gy F t t p5w p:~r^(E S .-" 'r° K lal M an a ~+~ -somyan~T` ` - $~ Na ~'~ o S/ I ~•,, trs—Ut I! j IuM h 3 yyy Pests, R~'See also:aNt. MO!ha t Mateta' G e s <F~ s df I v bo koln / , Sinn, : T~4 Ngeu ' Va•..a S SaGak'1 / CardF 11. - YJ „/ .' L Nat on € .- a &Res Lfrp4 , NYa Mt G tonp See also:ear K D g o tpa/rpa do M y,gj T o,a 'AL.1 b L s ~% v `4"”` ~n Ch t y / yr. , Us f p v er O' See also:Kit /mNn aro- h ~, aK~ O ') M"5 ~MI.Ne1-ii,f~/ 11 T tF a shill / se M See also:heel 1 lmbur$ ~'< L'Ey roF v Rfugaraa a Sa b "Mom _: ul~Kanp `sib 4g+ k - LManyar .s [ See also:dW See also:Par ee 5 nxLSOPono e e Ramon U k M 1. t B~ Pl d4° . nigam ,i ML ed F s. mbu MNI oKU aq ° K t na r- c K !amb o K. G si 3~ 0 i!i ;A" ~bpGh °. Z° t ...See also:sue t''r G? 1p lE t N L ` Yu A I' K gY g of G: f ".~=. ~4 See also:hip Nt xe/bormw~ilhe!mr 'M I ~. -ft ~ ... „y B ..JNg°I~ Tabora „ !! o -!~ -e. pUluWUnga wa .e "'^°pa. .`s Mo oira§oa lnng1 ,•~ pa Vala R1,"'ttn .~ . .'K,- Mgeri Korog e f Murgusaia I 1 . =em~ba A g tE .x,, p 'rl y t^'4 e „•r ]l 11 e~lko yh a. yfa ;'at. e3. <'sat13a3 ty,~ { po Kakomt .. raj `l ar,f Kau -0. k_ s n JKltlrnst . t an ' See also:bar- Mbahl'"t Ns Miaow ~ Mn,keI oStMe / mra 0 4.. N angalo Iw m bQ t- , = c~ a Mrlrn may, {f c v (•~_.T tWax N ~ r ^~ a f ¢ '9;',;;-s, a p . cb . e See also:aga w. jags R t ~,e 1 b5 ~/- "• Aa~J °J i.f ms `,P,r Ukay. o Garin, .gt.. t B nq •1;t/ K•.. `rt .- ~f ka •~^.)~~ '^gip 10 ' L= a*. { "rt 6ro' M ent _..u~.-Faa See also:gyp, ,.,tr* R ,. rp" l~'',m rl ,~' i m -,, R \ ~ m p!~ *a' n9~ rt t^ 8~ yll U j `yt~< twat — . \ r' i i~l .i tNSA$ +, tt" .30 M\, ,p 9 b~l=R MM 6~ m S // a7i J. M 1 /L Woo_ A '. - t~ 6 M4 Panpa 6tollora /#_? n ~a 3~ ,, w c r f ~ mabt 3 a of ~•-,. b fh ra+ eg _ n ~r ssa. b ( as fa l ! M Q _ j3 y bosi p v T /h '.'.1, •'~A c = T a ay 1t~.( a Kowa ti e YIB... nJJNa!!guky of K6CY}mantirc y ai ~/RHe - y :e DESI i;iri . Z1 *NANO b µ 0r Ly ._ NO See also:NORTHER .' t -L. ,R " GERMAN 1 .mp n C; ,* d Lei !}19 LN°"'~I .r EAST s / • See also:Ea~d.t 4 See also:tea ,AFRICA ati .~ _ ~. eat See also:English See also:Miles ! / 9 s, C ,.. ~~ aid. o ,.. So too ISO 260 '• g suit. ". Platen r . P R G.0 E E_ //~ -' MKaL .. ~y
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See also:Emery See also: South-east of Mount Kiiimanjaro are the See also:Pare Mountains and Usambara See also:highlands, separated from the coast by a comparatively narrow See also:strip of plain. To the south of the Usambara hills, and on the eastern edge of the plateau, are the mountainous regions of Nguru (otherwise Unguru), Useguha and Usagara. As already indicated, the southern See also:half of Victoria Nyanza and the eastern shores, in whole or in part, of Lakes Kivu, Tanganyika and Nyasa, are in German territory. (The lakes are separately de-scribed.) Several smaller lakes occur in parts of the eastern rift-valley. Lake See also:Rukwa (q.v.) north-west of Nyasa is presumably only the remnant of a much larger lake. Its extent varies with the rainfall of each See also:year. North-west of Kilimanjaro is a See also:sheet of See also:water known as the Natron Lake from the See also:mineral See also:alkali it contains. In the northern part of thecolony the Victoria Nyanza is the dominant physical feature. The western frontier coincides with part of the eastern See also:wall of another depression, the Central African or Albertine rift-valley, in which See also:lie Tanganyika, Kivu and other lakes. Along the north-west frontier north of Kivu are volcanic peaks (see See also:MFUMBIRO). The country is well watered, but with the exception of the See also:Rufiji the See also:rivers, See also:save for a few miles from their mouths, are unnavigable. The largest streams are the Rovuma and Rufiji (q.v.), both rising in the central plateau and flowing to the Indian Ocean. Next in importance is the Pangani river, which, as stated above, has its See also:head springs on the slopes of Kilimanjaro. Flowing in a south-easterly direction it reaches the See also:sea after a course of some 250 M. The Wami and Kingani, smaller streams, have their origin in the mountainous region fringing the central plateau, and reach the ocean opposite the island of See also:Zanzibar. Of inland river systems there are four—one draining to Victoria Nyanza, another to Tanganyika, a third to Nyasa and a See also:fourth to Rukwa. Into Victoria Nyanza are emptied, on the east, the See also:waters of the Mori and many smaller streams; on the west, the See also:Kagera (q.v.), besides smaller rivers. Into Tanganyika flows the Malagarasi, a considerable river with many affluents, draining the west-central part of the plateau. The Kalambo river, a comparatively small stream near the southern end of Tanganyika, flows in a south-See also:westerly direction. Not far from its mouth there is a magnificent fall, a large See also:volume of water falling 600 ft. sheer over a rocky ledge of See also:horse-See also:shoe shape. Of the streams entering Nyasa the Songwe has been mentioned. The Ruhuhu, which enters Nyasa in to° 3o' S., and its tributaries drain a considerable area west of 36° E. The See also:chief feeders of Lake Rukwa are the Saisi and the Rupa-Songwe. Mafia Island lies off the coast immediately north of 8° N. It has an area of 200 sq. m. The island is low and fertile, and extensively planted with coco-See also:nut palms. It is continued southwards by an extensive See also:reef, on which stands the chief See also:village, See also:Chobe, the See also:residence of a few Arabs and See also:Banyan traders. Chobe stands on a shallow See also:creek almost inaccessible to See also:shipping. See also:Geology.—The narrow See also:foot-plateau of British East Africa broadens out to the south of See also:Bagamoyo to a width of over too m. This is covered to a considerable extent by rocks of See also:recent and See also:late See also:Tertiary ages. Older Tertiary rocks form the bluffs of Lindi. Cretaceous marls and limestones appear at intervals, extending in places to the edge of the uppef plateau, and are extensively See also:developed on the' Makonde plateau. They are underlain by See also:Jurassic rocks, from beneath which sandstones and shales yielding Glossopteris browniana See also:var. indica, and therefore of See also:Lower See also:Karroo See also:age, appear in the south but are overlapped on the north by Jurassic strata. The central plateau consists almost entirely of metamorphic rocks with extensive tracts of See also:granite in See also:Unyamwezi. In the vicinity of Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika, sandstones and shales of Lower Karroo age and yielding seams of See also:coal are considered to owe their position and preservation to being let down by rift faults into hollows of the Inhabitants.—On the coast and at the chief settlements inland are Arab and Indian immigrants, who are merchants and agriculturists. The Swahili (q.v.) are a mixed See also:Bantu and Semitic See also:race inhabiting the seaboard. The inhabitants of the interior may he divided into two classes, those namely of Bantu and those of Hamitic stock. What may be called the indigenous population consists of the older Bantu races. These tribes have been subject to the intrusion from the south of more recent Bantu folk, such as the Yao, belonging to the Ama-Zulu See also:branch of the race, while from the north there has been an See also:immigration of Hamito-See also:Negroid peoples. Of these the See also:Masai and Wakuafi are found in the region between Victoria Nyanza and Kilimanjaro. The Masai (q.v.) and allied tribes are nomads and See also:cattle raisers. They are warlike, crystalline rocks. In Karagwe certain quartzites, slates and schistose sandstones resemble the See also:ancient See also:gold-bearing rocks of South Africa. The volcanic plateau of British East Africa extends over the boundary in the region of Kilimanjaro. Of the See also:sister peaks, Kibo and Mawenzi, the latter is far the See also:oldest and has beengreatlydenuded, while Kibo retains its crateriform shape intact. The rift-valley faults continue down the depression, marked by numerous volcanoes, in the region of the Natron Lake and Lake Manyara; while the steep walls of the deep depression of Tanganyika and Nyasa represent the western rift See also:system at its maximum development. Fossil remains of saurians of gigantic size have been found; one thigh See also:bone See also:measures 6 ft. Io in., the same bone in the Diplodocus Carnegii measuring only 4 ft. ii in. See also:Climate.—The warm currents setting landwards from the Indian Ocean bring both moisture and See also:heat, so that the Swahili coast has a higher temperature and heavier rainfall than the See also:Atlantic seaboard under the same See also:parallels of See also:latitude. The mean temperature on the west and east coasts of Africa is 72° and 8o° Fahr. respectively, the See also:average rainfall in See also:Angola 36 in., in See also:Dar-es-See also:Salaam 6o in. On the Swahili coast the south-east See also:monsoon begins in See also:April and the north-east monsoon in See also:November. In the interior April brings south-east winds, which continueuntil about the beginning of See also:October. During the See also:rest of the year changing winds prevail. These winds are charged with moisture, which they part with on ascending the precipitous side of the plateau. See also:Rain comes with the south-east monsoon, and on the northern part of the coast the See also:rainy See also:season is divided into two parts, the great and the little Masika: the former falls in the months of See also:September, October, November; the latter in See also:February and See also: Small-pox is frequent on the coast, but is diminishing before See also:vaccination; other epidemic diseases are extremely rare. See also:Flora and See also:Fauna.—The character of the vegetation varies with and depends on moisture, temperature and soil. On the low littoral See also:zone the coast produced a rich tropical bush, in which the See also:mangrove is very prominent. Coco-palms and mango trees have been planted in great See also:numbers, and also many varieties of bananas. The bush is grouped in copses on meadows, which produce a coarse tall grass. The river See also:banks are lined with belts of dense See also:forest, in which useful See also:timber occurs. The Hyphaene palm is frequent, as well as various kinds of See also:gum-producing mimosas. The slopes of the plateau which See also:face the rain-bringing monsoon are in some places covered with primeval forest, in which timber is plentiful. The See also:silk-See also:cotton tree (Bombax ceiba), miomba, See also:tamarisk, See also:copal tree (Hymenaea courbaril) are frequent, besides sycamores, banyan trees (Ficus indica) and the deleb palm (Borassus aethiopum). It is here we find the Landolphia See also:florida, which yields the best See also:rubber. The plateau is partly grass See also:land without bush and forest, partly See also:steppe covered with See also:mimosa bush, which sometimes is almost impenetrable. Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru exhibit on a See also:vertical See also:scale the various forms of vegetation which characterize East Africa (see KILIMANJARO). East Africa is rich in all kinds of See also:antelope, and the See also:elephant, See also:rhinoceros and See also:hippopotamus are still plentiful in parts. Characteristic are the See also:giraffe, the See also:chimpanzee and the See also:ostrich. Buffaloes and zebras occur in two or three varieties. Lions and leopards are found throughout the country. Crocodiles are numerous in all the larger rivers. See also:Snakes, many venomous, abound. Of birds there are comparatively few on the steppe, but by rivers, lakes and swamps they are found in thousands. Locusts occasion much damage, and ants of various kinds are often a See also:plague. The tsetse See also:fly (Glossina morsitans) infests several districts; the See also:sand-See also:flea has been imported from the west coast. Land and water turtles are numerous. and live in square mud-plastered houses called tembe which can be easily fortified and defended. The Bantu tribes are in See also:general peaceful agriculturists, though the Bantus of recent immigration retain the warlike instincts of the Zulus. The most important See also:group of the Bantus is the Wanyamwezi (see UNYAMwEzr),divided into many tribes. They are spread over the central plains, and have for neighbours on the south-east, between Nyasa and the Rufiji, the warlike Wahehe. The Wangoni (Angoni), a branch of the Ama-Zulu, are widely spread over the central and Nyasa regions. Other well-known tribes are the Wasambara, who have given their name to the highlands between Kilimanjaro and the coast, and the Warundi, inhabiting the See also:district between Tanganyika and the Kagera. In Karagwe, a region adjoining the south-west shores of Victoria Nyanza, the Bahima are the ruling See also:caste. Formerly Karagwe under its Bahima See also:kings was a powerful See also:state. Many different dialects are spoken by the Bantu tribes, Swahili being the most widely known (see BANTU See also:LANGUAGES). Their See also:religion is the See also:worship of See also:spirits, ancestral and otherwise, accompanied by a vague and undefined belief in a Supreme Being, generally regarded as indifferent to the doings of the See also:people. The task of civilizing the natives is undertaken in various ways by the numerous See also:Protestant and See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:missions established in the colony, and by the See also:government. The slave See also:trade has been abolished, and though domestic See also:slavery is allowed, all See also:children of slaves See also:born after the 31st of See also:December 1905 are See also:free. For certain public See also:works the Germans enforce a system of compulsory labour. Efforts are made by instruction in government and See also:mission See also:schools to spread a knowledge of the German See also:language among the natives, in See also:order to See also:fit them for subordinate posts in administrative offices, such as the customs. Native chiefs in the interior are permitted to help in the See also:administration of See also:justice. The Mission du Sacre Ceeur in Bagamoyo, the oldest mission in the colony, has trained many See also:young negroes to be useful See also:mechanics. The number of native. Christians is small. The Moslems have vigorous and successful missions. Chief Towns.—The seaports of the colony are See also:Tanga (pop. about 6000), Bagamoyo 5000 (with surrounding district some 18,000), Dar-es-Salaam 24,000, See also:Kilwa 5000, (these have See also:separate notices), Pangani, Sadani, Lindi and Mikindani. Pangani (pop. about 3500) is situated at the mouth of the river of the same name; it serves a district rich in tropical products, and does a thriving trade with Zanzibar and See also:Pemba. Sadani is a smaller See also:port midway between Pangani and Bagamoyo. Lindi (1o° o' S., 39° q.0' E.) is 8o m. north of Cape Delgado. Lindi (Swahili for The Deep Below) See also:Bay runs inland 6 m. and is 3 m. across, affording deep anchorage. Hills to the west of the bay rise over moo ft. The See also:town (pop. about 4000) is picturesquely situated on the north side of the bay. The Arab See also:boma, constructed in 1800, has been rebuilt by the Germans, who have retained the See also:fine sculptured gateway. Formerly a See also:rendezvous for slave caravans Lindi now has a more legitimate trade in See also: On the German coast of Tanganyika are See also:Ujiji (q.v.), pop. about 14,000, occupying a central position; Usumbura, at the northern end of the lake where is a fort built by the Germans; and Bismarckburg, near the southern end. On the shores of the lake between Ujiji and Bismarckburg are four stations of the Algerian " White Fathers," all possessing churches, schools and other See also: Garnets are plentiful in the Lindi district, and agates, See also:topaz, See also:moonstone and other See also:precious stones are found in the colony. The chief gold and iron deposits are near Victoria Nyanza. In the Mwanza district are See also:conglomerate reefs of great extent. See also:Mining began in 1905. See also:Mica is See also:mined near Mrogoro. The chief exports are sisal fibre, rubber, hides and skins, See also:wax, ivory, See also:copra, coffee, ground-nuts and cotton. The imports are chiefly articles of See also:food, textiles, and metals and hardware. More than half the entire trade, both export and import, is with Zanzibar. Germany takes about 3o % of the trade. In the ten years 1896–1905 the value of the See also:external trade increased from about £600,000 to over £1,100,000. In 1907 the imports were valued at £1,190,000, the exports at £625,000. Numerous companies are engaged in developing the resources of the country by trading, planting and mining. The most important is the See also:Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft, founded in 1885, which has trading stations in each seaport, and flourishing plantations in various parts of the country. It is the owner of vast tracts of land. From 1890 to 1903 this See also:company was in See also:possession of extensive mining, railway, banking and coining rights, but in the last-named year, by agreement with the German government, it became a land company purely. The company has a right to a fifth part of the land within a zone of to m. on either side of any railway built in the colony previously to 1935. In addition to the companies a comparatively Jarge number of private individuals have laid out plantations, Usambara and Pare having become favourite districts for agricultural enterprise. In the See also:delta of the Rufiji and in the Kilwa district cotton-growing was begun in 1901. The plantations are all worked by native labour. The government possesses large forest reserves. Communications.—Good roads for foot See also:traffic have been made from the seaports to the trading stations on Lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria. Caravans from Dar-es-Salaam to Tanganyika take 6o days to do the See also:journey. The lack of more rapid means of communication hindered the development of the colony and led to economic crises (1898–1902), which were intensified, and in part created, by the See also:building of a railway in the adjacent British protectorate from See also:Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza, the British line securing the trade with the lake. At that See also:time the only railway in the country was a line from Tanga to the Usambara highlands. This railway passes through Korogwe (52 m. from Tanga) and is continued via Mombo to Wilhelmstal, a farther distance of 56 m. The building of a See also:trunk line from Dar-es-Salaam to Mrogoro (140 m.), and ultimately to Ujiji by way of Tabora, was begun in 1905. Another proposed line would run from Kilwa to Wiedhafen on Lake Nyasa. This railway would give the quickest means of See also:access to British Central Africa and the southern part of Belgian Congo. On each of the three lakes is a government steamer. British steamers on Victoria Nyanza maintain communication between the German stations and the lake terminus of the Uganda railway. The German East Africa Line of See also:Hamburg runs a See also:fleet of first-class steamers to East Africa, which See also:touch at Tanga, Dar-es-Salaam and Zanzibar. There is a submarine See also:cable from Dar-es-Salaam to Zanzibar, and an overland line connecting all the coast stations. Administration, See also:Revenue, £mac.—For administrative purposes the country is divided into districts (Bezirks(imter), and stations (Stationsbezirke). Each station has a chief, who is subordinate to the See also:official of his district, these in their turn being under the See also:governor, who resides in Dar-es-Salaam. The governor is See also:commander of the colonial force, which consists of natives under white See also:officers. District See also:councils are constituted, on which the European merchants and planters are represented. Revenue is raised by taxes on imports and exports, on licences for the See also:sale of land and spirituous liquors, and for See also:wood-cutting, by See also:harbour and other dues, and a hut tax on natives. The deficiency between revenue and See also:expenditure is met by a See also:subsidy from the imperial government. In no See also:case during the first twenty-one years' existence of the colony had the See also:local revenue reached 6o % of the local expenditure, which in normal years amounted to about £500,000. In 1909, however, only the expenditure necessary for military purposes (L183,500) was received by way of subsidy. See also:History.—Until nearly the middle of the 19th See also:century only the coast lands of the territory now forming German East Africa were known either to Europeans or to the Arabs. When at the beginning of the 16th century the Portuguese obtained possession of the towns along the East African coast, they had been, for periods extending in some cases fully five See also:hundred years, under Arab dominion. After the final withdrawal of the Portuguese in the See also:early years of the 18th century, the coast towns north of Cape Delgado See also:fell under the sway of the See also:Muscat Arabs, passing from them to the See also:sultan of Zanzibar. From about 183o, or a established over almost the whole of the See also:hinterland. The development of the country was, however, slow, due in part to the disinclination of the Reichstag to See also:vote supplies sufficient for the building of railways to the fertile lake regions. See also:Count von Gotzen (governor 1901-1906) adopted the policy of maintaining the authority of native rulers as far as possible, but as over the greater part of the colony the natives have no See also:political organizations of any size, the chief See also:burden of government rests on the German authorities. In See also:August 1905 serious disturbances See also:broke out among the Bantu tribes in the colony. The revolt was due largely to resentment against the restrictions enforced by the Germans in their efforts at See also:civilization, including compulsory See also:work on European plantations in certain districts. Moreover, it is stated that the See also:Herero in See also:rebellion in German South-west Africa sent word to the east coast natives to follow their example, an instance of the growing solidarity of the See also:black races of Africa. Though the revolt spread over a very large area, the chief centre of disturbance was the region between Nyasa and the coast at Kilwa and Lindi. Besides a number of settlers a Roman Catholic See also:bishop and a party of four missionaries and nuns were murdered in the Kilwa hinterland, while nearer Nyasa the warlike Wangoni held possession of the country. The Germans raised levies of Masai and Sudanese, and brought natives from New See also:Guinea to help in suppressing the rising, besides sending See also:naval and military contingents from Germany. In general, the natives, when encountered, were easily dispersed, but it was not until March 1906 that the coast regions were again quiet. In See also:July following the Wangoni were beaten in a decisive engagement. It was officially stated that the See also:death-See also:roll for the whole See also:war was not below 120,000 men, See also:women and children. In 1907 a visit was paid to the colony by Herr B. Dernburg, the colonial secretary. As a result of this visit more humane methods in the treatment of the natives were introduced, and measures taken to develop more fully the economic resources of the country. little earlier, the Zanzibar Arabs began to penetrate inland, and by 185o had established themselves at Ujiji on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. The Arabs also made their way south to Nyasa. This See also:extension of Arab See also:influence was accompanied by vague claims on the part of the sultan of Zanzibar to include all these newly opened countries in his See also:empire. How far from the coast the real authority of the sultan extended was never demonstrated. Zanzibar at this time was in semi-dependence on See also:India, and British influence was strong at the See also:court of Bargash, who succeeded to the sultanate in 1870. Bargash in 1877 offered to See also:Sir (then Mr) See also: The See also:story of the negotiations between Great Britain, Germany and See also:France which led to this result is told elsewhere (see.AFRICA, section 5). By the agreement of the 1st of July 1890, between the British and German governments, and by agreements concluded between Germany and See also:Portugal in 1886 and 1894, and Germany and the Congo Free State in 1884 and later See also:dates, the German See also:sphere of influence attained its See also:present area. On the 28th of October 1890 the sultan of Zanzibar ceded absolutely to Germany the mainland territories already leased to a German company, receiving as See also:compensation £200,000. While these negotiations. were going on, various German companies had set to work to exploit the country, and on the 16th of August 1888 the German East African Company, the lessee of the Zanzibar mainland strip, took over the administration from the Arabs. This was followed, five days later, by a revolt of all the coast Arabs against German rule—the Germans, raw hands at the task of managing Orientals, having aroused intense hostility by their brusque treatment of the dispossessed rulers. The company being unable to quell the revolt, See also:Captain See also:Hermann Wissmann—subsequently See also:Major Hermann von Wissmann (1853-1905)—was sent out by See also:Prince See also:Bismarck as imperial See also:commissioner. Wissmann, with See also:i000 soldiers, chiefly Sudanese officered by Germans, and a German naval contingent, succeeded by the end of 1889 in crushing the See also:power of the Arabs. Wissmann remained in the country until 1891 as commissioner, and later (1895-1896) was for eighteen months governor of the colony—as the German sphere had been constituted by See also:proclamation (1st of See also:January 1897). Towards the native population Wissmann's attitude was conciliatory, and under his See also:rule the development of the resources of the country was pushed on. Equal success did not attend the efforts of other administrators; in 1891-1892 Karl Peters had great trouble with the tribes in the Kilimanjaro district and resorted to very harsh methods,., such as the See also:execution of women, to maintain his authority. In 1896 Peters was condemned by a disciplinary court for a misuse of official power, and lost his See also:commission. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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