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See also:GERMAN EVANGELICAL See also:SYNOD OF See also:NORTH See also:AMERICA , a See also:Protestant See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church dating from See also:October 1840, and known, in its See also:early years, as the German Evangelical Association of the See also:West. It was formed by six German ministers who had been ordained in See also:Prussia and were engaged in missionary and See also:pioneer See also:work in See also:Missouri and See also:Illinois. The See also:original organization was strengthened in 1858 by amalgamation with the German Evangelical Church Association of See also:Ohio, and later by the inclusion of the German See also:United Evangelical Synod of the See also:East (186o), the Evangelical Synod of the North-West (1872) and the United Evangelical Synod of the East (1872). The church bases its position on the See also:Bible as interpreted by the symbols of the Lutheran and Reformed churches so far as they are in agreement, points of difference being See also:left to " that See also:liberty of See also:conscience which, as a component See also:part of the basis of See also:man's ultimate
divided into 12 books, which are subdivided into tituli and chapters (aerae). It comprises 324 constitutions taken from See also:Leovigild's collection, a few of the See also:laws of Reccared and Sisebut, 99 laws of Chindaswinth (642-653), and 87 of Recceswinth. A recension of this See also:code of Recceswinth was made in 681 by See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King Erwig (68o-687), and is known as the Lex Wisigothorum renovata; and, finally, some additamenta were made by Egica (687-702). In Zeumer's edition of the Leges Wisigothorum the versions of Recceswinth and Erwig, where they differ from each other, are shown in parallel columns, and the laws later than Erwig are denoted by the sign " nov."
For further See also:information see the See also:preface to Zeumer's edition; H. See also:Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte (2nd ed., See also:Leipzig, 1906); Ureiia y Smenyaud, La Legislation Gotico-hispana (See also:Madrid, 1905).
2. Lex Burgundionum.—This code was compiled by King Gundobald (474-516), very probably after his defeat by See also:Clovis in 500. Some additamenta were subsequently introduced either by Gundobald himself or by his son See also:Sigismund. This See also:law bears the See also:title of See also:Liber Constitutionum, which shows that it emanated from the king; it is also known as the Lex Gundobada or Lex Gombata. It was used for cases between Burgundians, but was also applicable to cases between Burgundians and See also:Romans. For cases between Romans, however, Gundobald compiled the Lex See also:Romana Burgundionum, called sometimes, through a misreading of the See also:MSS., the Liber Papiani or simply Papianus. The See also:barbarian law of the Burgundians shows strong traces of See also:Roman -See also:influence. It recognizes the will and attaches See also:great importance to written deeds, but on the other See also:hand sanctions the judicial See also:duel and the cojuratores (sworn witnesses). The vehement protest made in the 9th See also:century by See also:Agobard, See also:bishop of See also:Lyons, against the Lex Gundobada shows that it was still in use at that See also:period. So See also:late as the loth and even the rrth centuries we'find the law of the Burgundians invoked as See also:personal law in See also:Cluny charters, but doubtless these passages refer to accretions of See also:local customs rather than to actual paragraphs of the See also:ancient code.
The See also:text of the Lex Burgundionum has been published by F. Bluhme in the Mon. Germ. hist., Leges, iii. 525; by Karl Binding in the Ponies rerum Bernensium (vol. i., 188o) ; by J. E. Valentin See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith (See also:Paris, 1889 seq.); and by von Salis (1892) in the 4to See also:series of the Mon. Germ. hist. Cf. R. Dareste, " La Loi Gombette," in the See also:Journal See also:des savants (See also:July 1891).
3. Pactus Alamannorum and Lex Alamannorum.—Of the laws of the See also:Alamanni, who dwelt between the See also:Rhine and the See also:Lech, and spread over See also:Alsace and what is now See also:Switzerland to the See also:south of See also:Lake See also:Constance, we possess two different texts. The earlier text, of which five See also:short fragments have come down to us, is known as the Pactus Alamannorum, and from the persistent recurrence of the expression " et sic convenit " was most probably See also:drawn up by an See also:official See also:commission. The reference to affranchisement in See also:ecclesia shows that it was composed at.a period subsequent to the See also:conversion of the Alamanni to See also:Christianity. There is no doubt that the text See also:dates back to the reign of Dagobert I., i.e. to the first See also:half of the 7th century. The later text, known as the Lex Alamannorum, dates from a period when Alamannia was See also:independent under See also:national See also:dukes, but recognized the theoretical See also:suzerainty of the Frankish See also:kings. There seems no See also:reason to doubt the St See also:Gall MS., which states that the law had .its origin in an agreement between the great Alamannic lords and See also:Duke Landfrid, who ruled the duchy from 709 to 730.
The two texts have been published by J. Merkel in the Mon. Germ. hist., Leges, iii., and by Karl See also:Lehmann in the 4to series of the same collection.
4. Lex Bajuvariorum.—We possess an important law of the Bavarians, whose duchy was situated in the region east of the Lech, and was an outpost of See also:Germany against the See also:Huns, known later as See also:Avars. Parts of this law have been taken directly from the Visigothic law of Euric and from the law of the Alamanni. The Bavarian law, therefore, is later than that of the Alamanni. It dates unquestionably from a period when the Frankish authority was very strong in See also:Bavaria, when the dukes were vassals of the Frankish kings. Immediately after the revolt of Bavaria in 743 the Bavarian duke Odilo was forced to submit
the law of the Bavarians, where the See also:chief provisions are reproduced. to See also:Pippin and See also:Carloman, the sons of See also:Charles Martel, and to
responsibility to See also:God himself, is the inalienable See also:privilege of every believer." The church, which has (1909) 985 ministers and some 238,000 communicant members, is divided into seven-teen districts, with See also:officers responsible to the See also:General Synod, which meets every four years. There are boards for See also:home and See also:foreign See also:missions, the latter operating chiefly in the Central Provinces of See also:India. The literature of the church is mainly in German, though See also:English is rapidly gaining ground.
End of Article: GERMAN EVANGELICAL SYNOD OF NORTH AMERICA
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