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IBRAHIM PASHA (1789–1848)
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See also:IBRAHIM See also:PASHA (1789–1848) , See also:Egyptian See also:general, is some-times spoken of as the adopted son of Mehemet See also:Ali, pasha of See also:Egypt. He is also and more commonly called his son. He was See also:born in his See also:father's native See also:town, See also:Kavala in See also:Thrace. During his father's struggle to establish himself in Egypt, Ibrahim, then sixteen years of See also:age, was sent as a See also:hostage to the See also:Ottoman capitan pasha (See also:admiral), but when Mehemet Ali was recognized as pasha, and had defeated the See also:English expedition under General A. M. See also:Fraser, he was allowed to return to Egypt. When Mehemet All went to See also:Arabia to prosecute the See also:war against the See also:Wahhabis in 1813, Ibrahim was See also:left in command in Upper Egypt. He continued the war with the broken See also:power of the Mamelukes, whom he suppressed. In 1816 he succeeded his See also:brother Tusun in command of the Egyptian forces in Arabia. Mehemet Ali had already begun to introduce See also:European discipline into his See also:army, and Ibrahim had probably received some training, but his first See also:campaign was conducted more in the old See also:Asiatic See also:style than his later operations. The campaign lasted two years, and terminated in the destruction of the Wahhabis as a See also:political power. Ibrahim landed at Yembo, the See also:port of See also:Medina, on the 3oth of See also:September 1816. The See also:holy cities had been recovered from the Wahhabis, and Ibrahim's task was to follow them into the See also:desert of See also:Nejd and destroy their fortresses. Such training as the Egyptian troops had received, and their See also:artillery, gave t hem a marked superiority in the open See also: He remained in the Morea till the See also:capitulation of the 1st of See also:October 1828 was forced on him by the intervention of the Western See also:powers. Ibrahim's operations in the Morea were energetic and ferocious. He easily defeated the Greeks in the open field, and though the See also:siege of See also:Missolonghi proved costly to his own troops and to the See also:Turks who operated with him, he brought it to a successful termination on the 24th of See also:April 1)826. The Greek See also:guerrilla bands harassed his army, and in revenge he desolated the See also:country and sent thousands of the inhabitants into See also:slavery in Egypt. These See also:measures of repression aroused great indignation in See also:Europe, and led first to the intervention of the English, See also:French and See also:Russian squadrons (see See also:NAVARINO, See also:BATTLE oF), and then to the landing of a French expeditionary force. By the terms of the capitulation of the 1st of October 1828, Ibrahim evacuated the country. It is fairly certain that the See also:Turkish See also:government, jealous of his power, had laid a See also:plot to prevent him and his troops from returning to Egypt. English See also:officers who saw him at Navarino describe him as See also:short, grossly See also:fat and deeply marked with smallpox. His obesity did not cause any See also:abatement of activity when next he took the field. In 183r, his father's See also:quarrel with the See also:Porte having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer See also:Syria. He carried out his task with truly remark-able energy. He took See also:Acre after a severe siege on the 27th of May 1832, occupied See also:Damascus, defeated a Turkish army at Horns on the 8th of July, defeated another Turkish army at Beilan on the 29th of July, invaded See also:Asia See also:Minor, and finally routed the See also:grand See also:vizier at See also:Konia on the 21st of December. The See also:convention of See also:Kutaiah on the 6th of May left Syria for a See also:time in the hands of Mehemet Ali. Ibrahim was undoubtedly helped by Colonel Seve and the European officers in his army, but his intelligent docility to their See also:advice, as well as his See also:personal hardihood and energy, compare most favourably with the See also:sloth, See also:ignorance and arrogant conceit of the Turkish generals opposed to him. He is entitled to full See also:credit for the See also:diplomatic See also:judgment and tact he showed in securing the support of the inhabitants, whom he protected and whose rivalries he utilized. After the campaign of 1832 and 1833 Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria. He might perhaps have administered successfully, but the exactions he was compelled to enforce by his father soon r wined the popularity of his government and provoked revolts. In 1838 the Porte See also:felt strong enough to renew the struggle, and war See also:broke out once more. Ibrahim won his last victory for his father at Nezib on the 24th of See also:June 1839. But Great See also:Britain and See also:Austria intervened to preserve the integrity of See also:Turkey. Their squadrons cut his communications by See also:sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February 1841. Ibrahim spent the See also:rest of his See also:life in See also:peace, but his See also:health was ruined. In 1846 he paid a visit to western Europe, where he was received with some respect and a great See also:deal of curiosity. When his father became See also:imbecile in 1848 he held the regency till his own See also:death on the loth of See also:November 1848. See Edouard Gouin, L'Egypte au XIXo siecle (See also:Paris, 1847) ; Mine Vingtrinier, Soliman-Pasha (Colonel Seve) (Paris, 1886). A great deal of unpublished material of the highest See also:interest with. regard to Ibrahim's See also:personality and his See also:system in Syria is preserved in the See also:British See also:Foreign See also:Office archives; for references to these see See also:Cambridge Mod. Hist. x. 852, bibliography to See also:chap. xvii. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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