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IZMAIL, or ISMAIL

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 103 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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IZMAIL, or See also:ISMAIL , a See also:town of See also:Russia, in the See also:government of See also:Bessarabia, on the See also:left See also:bank of the See also:Kilia See also:branch of the See also:Danube, 35 M. below Reni railway station. Pop. (1866) 31,779, (1900) 33,607, comprising See also:Great and Little Russians, Bulgarians, See also:Jews and See also:Gipsies. There are See also:flour-See also:mills and a See also:trade in cereals, See also:wool, See also:tallow and hides. Originally a See also:Turkish fortified See also:post, Izmail had by the end of the 18th See also:century grown into a See also:place of 30,000 inhabitants. It was occupied by the Russians in 1770, and twenty years later its See also:capture was one of the brilliant achievements of the See also:Russian See also:general, See also:Count A. V. See also:Suvarov. On that occasion the See also:garrison was 40,000 strong, and the See also:assault cost the assailants 10,000 and the defenders 30,000 men. The victory was the theme of one of the Russian poet G. R. Derzhavin's odes.

In 1809 the town was again captured by the Russians; and, when in 1812 it was assigned to them by the See also:

Bucharest See also:peace, they See also:chose it as the central station for their Danube See also:fleet. It was about this See also:time that the town of Tuchkov, with which it was later (183o) incorporated, See also:grew up outside of the fortifications. These were dismantled in accordance with the treaty of See also:Paris (1856), by which Izmail was made over to See also:Rumania. The town was again transferred to Russia by the peace of See also:Berlin (1878). IZU-NO-SHICHI-TO, the seven (shichi) islands (to) of Izu, included in the See also:empire of See also:Japan. They stretch in a southerly direction from a point near the mouth of See also:Tokyo See also:Bay, and See also:lie between 330 and 340 48' N. and between 139° and 140 E. Their names, beginning from the See also:north, are Izu-no-See also:Oshima, To-shima, Nii-shima, Kozu-shima, Miyake-shima and Hachijoshima. There are some islets in their immediate vicinity. Izu-no-Oshima, an See also:island ro m. See also:long and 51 M. wide, is 15 M. from the nearest point of the Izu promontory. It is known to western cartographers as Vries Island, a name derived from that of See also:Captain See also:Martin Gerritsz de Vries, a Dutch navigator, who is supposed to have discovered the island in 1643. But the See also:group was known to the See also:Japanese from a remote See also:period, and used as convict settlements certainly from the 12th century and probably from a still earlier era. Hachijo, the most southerly, is often erroneously written " Fatsisio " on See also:English charts.

Izu-no-Oshima is remarkable for its smoking See also:

volcano, Mihara-See also:yama (2461 ft.), a conspicuous See also:object to all See also:ships See also:bound for See also:Yokohama. Three others of the islands—Nii-shima, Kozu-shima and Miyake-shima—have active volcanoes. Those on Nii-shima and Kozu-shima are of inconsiderable See also:size, but that on Miyakeshima, namely, See also:Oyama, rises to a height of 2707 ft. The most southerly island, Hachijo-shima, has a still higher See also:peak, Dsubotake (2838 ft.), but it does not emit any smok,. J A See also:letter of the See also:alphabet which, as far as See also:form is concerned, is only a modification of the Latin I and See also:dates back with a See also:separate value only to the 15th century. It was first used as a See also:special form of initial I, the See also:ordinary form being kept for use in other positions. As, however, in many cases initial i had the consonantal value of the English y in iugum (yoke), &c., the See also:symbol came to be used for the value of y, a value which it still retains in See also:German: Jai See also:jung, &c. Initially it is pronounced in English as an affricate dzh. The great See also:majority of English words beginning with j are (1) of See also:foreign (mostly See also:French) origin, as " See also:jaundice," " See also:judge "; (2) imitative of See also:sound, like " See also:jar " (the verb) ; or (3) influenced by See also:analogy, like " See also:jaw " (influenced by thaw, according to See also:Skeat). In See also:early French g when palatalized by e or i sounds became See also:con-fused with consonantal i (y), and both passed into the sound of j which is still preserved in English. A similar sound-See also:change takes place in other See also:languages, e.g. Lithuanian, where the resulting sound is spelt di..

See also:

Modern French and also Provencal and Portuguese have changed j = dzh into (zh). The sound initially is sometimes represented in English by g: See also:gem, See also:gaol as well as jail. At the end of modern English words the same sound is represented by -dge as in judge, French See also:juge. In this position, however, the sound occurs also in genuine English words like See also:bridge, sedge, singe, but this is true only for the See also:southern dialects on which the See also:literary See also:language is founded. In the See also:northern dialects the See also:pronunciation as brig, seg, sing still survives. (P. GI.) JA'See also:ALIN (from Ja'al, to See also:settle, i.e. " the squatters "), an See also:African tribe of Semitic stock. They formerly occupied the See also:country on both See also:banks of the See also:Nile from See also:Khartum to See also:Abu Hamed. They claim to be of the Koreish tribe and even trace descent from Abbas, See also:uncle of the See also:prophet. They are of Arab origin, but now of very mixed See also:blood. According to their own tradition they emigrated to See also:Nubia in the 12th century.

They were at one time subject to the See also:

Funj See also:kings, but their position was in a measure See also:independent. At the See also:Egyptian invasion in 1820 they were the most powerful of Arab tribes in the Nile valley. They submitted at first, but in 1822 rebelled and massacred the Egyptian garrison at See also:Shendi. The revolt was mercilessly suppressed, and the Ja'alin were thenceforward looked on with suspicion. They were almost the first of the northern tribes to join the See also:mandi in 1884, and it was their position to the north of Khartum which made communication with General See also:Gordon so difficult. The Ja'alin are now a semi-See also:nomad agricultural See also:people. Many are employed in Khartum as servants, See also:scribes and watchmen. They are a proud religious people, formerly notorious as cruel slave dealers. J. L. See also:Burckhardt says the true Ja'alin from the eastern See also:desert is exactly like the Bedouin of eastern See also:Arabia. See The Anglo-Egyptian See also:Sudan, edited by Count See also:Gleichen (See also:London, 1905).

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