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united anthers, and by the excessive acridity of the milky juice. The species earliest described and figured appears to be L. cardinalis, under the name See also:

TRACHELIUM (Gr. TpaXnXos, neck)

Trachelium americanum sive cardinalis planta, " the See also:

rich See also:

CRIMSON

crimson See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal's See also:

flower "; See also:

PARKINSON, JAMES (d. 1824)

Parkinson (Paradisus, 1629, p. 357) says, " it groweth neere the riuer of See also:

CANADA

Canada, where the See also:

French See also:

PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation in See also:

AMERICA

America is seated." It is a native of the eastern United States. This and several other species are in cultivation as ornamental See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

PLANTS

plants, e.g. the See also:

DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue L. Erinus, from the Cape, which, with its numerous varieties, forms a See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar bedding plant. L. splendens and L. fzalgens, growing from 1 to 2 ft. high, from See also:

Mexico, have See also:

SCARLET

scarlet See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers; L.

Pupa, a Chilean perennial 6 to 8 ft. high, has reddish or scarlet flowers; L. tenuior with blue flowers is a See also:

RECENT

recent acquisition to the greenhouse See also:

section, while L. amaena, from See also:

North America, as well as L. syphilitica and its hybrids, from See also:

Virginia, have also blue flowers. The last-named was introduced in 1665. The hybrids raised by See also:

CROSSING

crossing cardinalis, fulgens, splendens and syphilitica, constitute a See also:

FINE

fine See also:

GROUP

group of fairly See also:

hardy and showy garden plants. See also:

Queen See also:

Victoria is a well-known variety, but there are now many others. The Lobelia is familiar in gardens under two very different forms, that of the dwarf-tufted plants used for summer bedding, and that of the tall showy perennials. Of the former the best type is L. Erinus, growing from 4 to 6 in. high, with many slender stems, bearing through a See also:

long See also:

period a profusion of small but See also:

bright blue two-lipped flowers. The variety speciosa offers the best See also:

STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of the dwarf lobelias; but the varieties are being constantly superseded by new sorts. A See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good variety will reproduce itself sufficiently true from See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed for See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary flower See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders, but to secure exact uniformity it is necessary to propagate from cuttings. The herbaceous lobelias, of which L. fulgens may be taken as the type, may be called hardy except in so far as they suffer from See also:

DAMP

damp in See also:

winter; they throw up a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short rosette-like suckers See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

BASE

base of the old flowering See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, and these sometimes, despite all the care taken of them, rot off during winter. The roots should either be taken up in autumn, and planted closely See also:

side by side in boxes of dry See also:

earth or ashes, these being set for the See also:

time they are dormant either in a See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

FRAME

frame or in any See also:

AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

airy See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

green-See also:

house; or they may be See also:

LEFT

left in the ground, in which See also:

case a See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick or two should be put beside the plants, some See also:

COAL

coal ashes being first placed round them, and slates to protect the plants being laid over the bricks, one end resting on the earth beyond. About See also:

FEBRUARY

February they should be placed in a warm See also:

PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit, and after a few days shaken out and the suckers parted, and potted singly into small pots of See also:

LIGHT

light rich earth.

After being kept in the forcing pit until well established, they should be moved to a more airy greenhouse pit, and eventually to atcold frame preparatory to planting out. In the more favoured parts of the United See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom it is unnecessary to go to this trouble, as the plants are perfectly hardy; even in the suburbs of See also:

LONDON

London they live for several years without See also:

PROTECTION

protection except in very severe winters. They should have a loamy See also:

SOIL

soil, well enriched with manure; and require copious waterings when they start into See also:

FREE

free growth. They may be raised from seeds, which, being very fine, require to be sown carefully; but they do not flower usually till the second See also:

YEAR

year unless hy are sown very See also:

early in See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat. I'he species Lobelia inflata, the " See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco " of North America, is used in See also:

MEDICINE

medicine, the entire See also:

HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb, dried and in flower, being employed. The species derives its specific name from its characteristic inflated capsules. It is somewhat irritant to the nostrils, and is possessed of a burning, acrid See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief constituent is a volatile liquid See also:

ALKALOID

alkaloid (cf. See also:

NICOTINE, C10H

nicotine) named lobeline, which occurs to the extent of about 3o%. This is a very pungent See also:

BODY

body, with a tobacco-like odour. It occurs in See also:

COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with lobelic See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and forms solid crystalline salts. The single preparation of this plant in the British Pharmacopeia is the Tinctura Lobeliae Ethereae, composed of five parts of See also:

SPIRITS

spirits of See also:

ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether to one of lobelia. The dose is 5 to 15 minims.

The ether is employed in order to add to the efficacy of the See also:

drug in See also:

ASTHMA (Gr. avBµa, gasping, whence lio-Ogaivw, I gasp for breath)

asthma, but a See also:

SIMPLE

simple alcoholic See also:

TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture would be really preferable. Lobelia has certain pharmacological resemblances to tobacco. It has no See also:

ACTION

action upon the unbroken skin, but may be absorbed by it under suitable conditions. Taken internally in small doses, e.g. 5 minims of the tincture, it stimulates the peristaltic movements of the coecum and See also:

colon. In large doses it is a powerful gastrointestinal irritant, closely resembling tobacco, and causing giddiness, headache, See also:

NAUSEA (from Gr. vain, a ship)

nausea, vomiting, purging and extreme prostration, with clammy sweats and faltering rapid See also:

PULSE

pulse. Its action on the circulation is very decided. The cardiac terminals of the vagus nerves are paralysed, the pulse being thus accelerated by loss of the normal inhibitory See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and the See also:

BLOOD

blood-vessels being relaxed owing to paresis of the vasomotor centre. The blood-pressure thus falls very markedly. The See also:

RESPIRATORY

respiratory centre is similarly depressed, See also:

DEATH

death en-suing from this action. Lobelia is thus a typical respiratory See also:

POISON

poison. In less than toxic doses the motor terminals of the vagi in the bronchi and bronchioles are paralysed, thus causing relaxation of the bronchial muscles.

It is doubtful whether lobelia affects the cerebrum directly. It is excreted by the kidneys and the skin, both of which it stimulates in its passage. In See also:

general terms the drug may be said to stimulate non-striped See also:

MUSCULAR

muscular See also:

fibres in small, and paralyse them in toxic doses. Five minims of the tincture may be usefully prescribed to be taken See also:

NIGHT

night and See also:

MORNING

morning in chronic See also:

CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation due to inertia of the See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

PART

part of the alimentary See also:

canal. In spasmodic (neurotic) asthma, and also in See also:

BRONCHITIS

bronchitis accompanied by asthmatic spasm of the bronchioles, the tincture may be given in comparatively large doses (e.g. one drachm) every fifteen minutes until nausea is produced. Thereafter, whether successful or not in relieving the spasm, the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the drug must be stopped.

End of Article: LOBELIA

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