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separate symbol. The sound of n stands in the same relation to d as m stands to b; both are ordinarily voiced and the mouth position for both is the same, but in pronouncing n the nasal passage is left open, so that the sound of n can be continued while that of d cannot. This is best observed by pronouncing syllables where the consonant comes last as in and id. When the nasal passage is closed, as when one has a See also:

BAD, BCD

bad See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, m and n cannot be pronounced; attempts to pronounce See also:

moon result only in bood.

Two important points arise in connexion with nasals: (r) sonant nasals, (2) nasalization of vowels. The See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of sonant nasals by Dr Karl Brugman in 1876 (See also:

Curtius, Studien, 9, pp. 285-338) explained many facts of language which had been hitherto obscure and elucidated many difficulties in the Indo-European vowel system. It had been observed, for ex-ample, that the same See also:

ORIGINAL

original negative prefix was represented in Sanskrit by a, Greek by a, in Latin by in and in Germanic by un, and these See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences had not been accounted for satisfactorily. Dr Brugman argued-that in these and similar cases the syllable was made by the consonant alone, and the nasal so used was termed a sonant nasal and written n, In most cases Sanskrit and Greek lost the nasal sound altogether and replaced it by a vowel a, a, while in Latin and Germanic a vowel was developed independently before the nasal. In the See also:

ACCUSATIVE (Lat. accusativus, sc. casus, a translation of the Gr. aletartKI vrrwves, the case concerned with cause and effect, from atria, a cause)

accusative singular of consonant stems Sans. Want, Gr. aroha, See also:

Lat. pedem, Sanskrit and Greek did not, as generally, agree, but it was shown that in such cases there were originally two forms according to the nature of the sound beginning the next word in the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence. Thus an original Indo-European *See also:

palm, would not be treated precisely in the same way if the next word began with a vowel as it would when a consonant followed. Sanskrit had adopted the form used before vowels, Greek the form before consonants and each had dropped the alternative form. The second point—the nasalizing of vowels—is difficult for an Englishman to under-stand or to produce, as the sounds do not exist in his language. Thus in learning to pronounce French he tends to replace the nasalized vowels by the nearest sounds in English, making the Fr. on a nasalized vowel (o), into Eng. ong, a vowel followed by a guttural consonant. The nasalized vowels are produced by See also:

DRAWING

drawing forward the uvula, the " tab " at the end of the soft See also:

PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate, so that the breath escapes through the nose as well as the mouth.

In the French nasalized vowels, however, many phoneticians hold that, besides the leaving of the nasal passage open, there is a See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the position of the tongue in passing from a to a. The nasalized vowels are generally written with a See also:

hook below, upon the See also:

ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of the transliteration of such sounds in the See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic languages, but as the same symbol is often used to distinguish an " open " vowel from a " close " one, the use is not without See also:

AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

ambiguity. On the other See also:

hand, it is not admissible to write a for the nasalized vowel in languages which have See also:

ACCENT

accent signs, e.g. Lithuanian. It is possible to nasalize some consonants as well as vowels; nasalized spirants See also:

PLAY

play animportant See also:

PART

part in the so-called " See also:

YANKEE

Yankee " See also:

PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation of Americans. (P. Gi.) NAAS (pron. Nace, as in See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place), a See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

TOWN

town of Co. See also:

KILDARE

Kildare, See also:

Ireland, 20 m. S.W. from See also:

DUBLIN

Dublin on branches of the See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

SOUTHERN

Southern and Western railway and of the See also:

GRAND

Grand See also:

Canal. Pop. (19or) 3836.

It is situated among the foothills of the See also:

WICKLOW

Wicklow Mountains, close to the See also:

RIVER

river Liffey. The town is of great antiquity, and was a See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

LEINSTER

Leinster, the place of whose assemblies is marked by a neighbouring See also:

RATH, GERHARD VOM (183o-1888)

rath or See also:

MOUND

mound. Naas returned two members to the Irish See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament from 1559 until the See also:

union in ',Soo. Of a See also:

castle taken by See also:

Cromwell in r65o, and of several former abbeys, there are no remains. Punchestown racecourse, 21 M. S.E., is the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of welt-known steeplechases.

End of Article: MZABITES

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