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See also:NORTH See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
HOLLAND , a See also:province of the See also:kingdom of Holland, lying between the North See also:Sea and the Zuider Zee, and on the landward See also:side bounded by the provinces of See also:South Holland and See also:Utrecht. Pop. (1904) 1,053,083; See also:area, 1070 sq. m. The province also includes the islands of Texel, Vlieland and Terschelling, belonging to the See also:group of the Frisian Islands, as well as Wieringen, Marken and Urk in the Zuider Zee. There are three natural divisions—See also:foreshore and See also:sand-See also:dunes, inner dunes and the geest grounds, and See also:low See also:fens and See also:clay lands.
The dunes See also:form the See also:great natural barrier against the sea behind which the province lies secure. But the fact of there being no inlets of the sea is the See also:reason of the See also:absence of commercial towns along the sea-See also:board, the only exception being Ymuiden, which has arisen at the mouth of the North Sea See also:canal from See also:Amsterdam. On the other See also:hand the broad, gently-sloping, sandy See also:beach is peculiarly fitted for sea-bathing, and in the absence of harbours permits the beaching of the characteristic See also:flat-bottomed fishing boats. Petten, Egmond-on-Sea, Wyk-on-Sea and Zandvoort are fishing villages and watering-places.
In the depressions of the dunes and on the geest grounds at their See also:foot, small See also:woods have been planted in places, and in this sheltered See also:strip See also:market-gardening and See also:horticulture are practised. Horticulture flourishes, especially along the margin of the geest grounds from about 5 m. north of See also:Haarlem to twice that distance south, hyacinths, tulips, See also:narcissus and crocuses being the See also:flowers chiefly cultivated. The sight of these flowers in See also:spring, with mile after mile of brilliant and varied See also:colours, attracts visitors even from See also:foreign countries. This region of the province was one of the earliest inhabited and includes the See also:oldest towns and villages, such as Schagen, which was flourishing in the 12th See also:century and was created into a lordship in the beginning of the 15th century for the benefit of a natural son of See also:Count Albrecht of Holland. The See also:castle was demolished in the 19th century, but two towers (restored in 1879) are See also:standing. Among interesting places may be mentioned See also:Alkmaar, Heilo, Egmond, Kastrikum and Beverwyk, which, like Velzen a few See also:miles south, was granted by See also:Charles Martel to Willebrord, the apostle of the See also:Frisians, in the first See also:half of the 8th century. The name is a corruption of Bedevaartswyk, " the See also:village on the pilgrims' road," and refers to the pilgrimages once made to the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:Agatha in the neighbourhood. See also:Brederode, another See also:ancient village, was the seat of the illustrious See also:family of the same name. The remains of the castle are extensive. Other ancient towns are Zandpoort, Bakenes, Haarlem and Bennebroek, once the seat of a nunnery removed hither from Egmond by See also:Dirk II. in the loth century.
The third See also:division of the province comprises by far the largest area, that, namely, which lies at or below sea-level. The reclamation of See also:land which has been effected here is noteworthy. The whole of the lakes to the north of the former Y, including the famous Purmer and Beemster lakes, and the Wieringerwaard and Zype sea-polders, were drained in the beginning of the 17th century; but the Waard-en-Groet, the See also:Anna Paulowna and the Koegras sea-polders to the north of these, were only added to the mainland in the first half of the 19th century. This region is traversed by the North Holland canal (1819-1825), between Amsterdam and the See also:naval station of den See also:Helder. The Y, which was formerly an inlet of the Zuider Zee, was drained, and the North Sea See also:ship canal was formed in its See also:stead (1865-1876), and carried through the dunes to Ymuiden. Of the drained lakes south of the former Y, the most important is the Haarlem See also:Lake. The landscape in this division of the province is the most typicalof Holland; See also:green meadows stretching as far as the See also:eye can see, dotted with windmills and See also:cattle, and slashed by the See also:regular lines of the drainage canals, bordered with pollarded willows.
As in See also:Friesland, cattle-rearing and the making of See also:cheese, chiefly of the See also:Edam description, are the See also:main See also:industries, but See also:agriculture and even a little market-gardening are also practised in the heavier clay lands, such as the Y and Anna Paulowna polders. Purmerend, Alkmaar and See also:Enkhuizen are the See also:chief market centres. Though the See also:country is naturally poor in minerals, springs containing See also:iron have been discovered, such as the Wilhelminabron at Haarlem. The See also:security of the Zuider Zee for See also:trade and fishing purposes was the first See also:factor in the commercial development of North Holland, and the cities of See also:Medemblik, Enkhuizen, See also:Hoorn, Edam and See also:Monnikendam, though now little more than market centres for the surrounding See also:district, possessed a large foreign See also:commerce in the 16th and 17th centuries. This prosperity finally concentrated itself upon the Y (that is, upon Amsterdam) and the See also:series of See also:industrial villages situated on its offshoot the Zaam, of which See also:Zaandam and Wormerveer are the most important.
End of Article: NORTH HOLLAND
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