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ROLLINAT, MAURICE (1853-1903)

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Originally appearing in Volume V23, Page 469 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ROLLINAT, See also:MAURICE (1853-1903) , See also:French poet, was See also:born at See also:Chateauroux in 1853. His See also:father represented See also:Indre in the See also:National See also:Assembly of 1848, and was a friend of See also:George See also:Sand, whose See also:influence is very marked in See also:young Rollinat's first See also:volume, Dans See also:les See also:brandes (1877). The volume, however, attracted little See also:attention, and it was with his second publication, very different in manner, that he made his reputation. In Les Neuroses, with the sub-See also:title Les See also:Ames, Les Luxures, Les Refuges, Les Spectres, Les Tenebres, he showed himself as a See also:disciple of See also:Charles See also:Baudelaire. He constantly returns in these poems to the See also:physical horrors of See also:death, and is obsessed by unpleasant images. Less outre in sentiment are L'Abime (1886), La Nature, and a See also:book of See also:children's See also:verse, Le Livre de la Nature (1893). He was musician as well as poet, and set many of his songs to See also:music. He lost his See also:reason in consequence of his wife's death from See also:hydrophobia, and died on the 26th of See also:October 1903. See also:ROLLING-See also:MILL, a See also:term which includes several types of See also:machines used for producing the sectional forms (fig. I) in which wrought See also:iron and See also:steel are required for the use of See also:boiler-makers, platers and See also:bridge-builders, and for constructional See also:work generally. The See also:production of wrought iron has been a diminishing See also:industry for many years, while that of steel increases. Though the plant employed for both is alike in essential principles of See also:design, the growth in the use of steel has revolutionized the practice, chiefly on See also:account of the more massive dimensions in which steel sections are rolled.

Iron sections are relatively small, and many are produced by piling, i.e. by See also:

building up with small portions of malleable puddled See also:metal. There is no limit in reason to the dimensions in which steel sections can be rolled, and they are never piled, however large, but always rolled from solid See also:cast ingots. When steel ingots are rolled into sectional forms the reduction in transverse dimensions is very See also:great. The work begins at nearly a See also:white See also:heat, and continues until a See also:low red is reached. Obviously the stresses to which the material is subjected are very severe. For this reason the See also:process of reduction has to be effected very gradually, and especially so in those cases where reduction is being done in two directions at right angles with each other, as in channel sections (fig. 6) and See also:joist or See also:beam sections (See also:figs. 7 and 8). It might be thought, since steel is always cast previously to rolling, that it might be cast at once into the sectional forms required. But See also:sound results could not be obtained in this way, because the gases occluded in the metal See also:form See also:blow-holes which are See also:sources of weakness. The material itself, even in the solid portions, is not homogeneous. By removing the See also:head of the See also:ingot where the blow-holes chiefly congregate and rolling the See also:remainder at a white or red heat, the metal is improved by consolidation, and by the work done upon it.

To this practice there is no exception. Rolling-See also:

mills are known as " two-high," or " three-high," according as two or three rolls are mounted one over the other .Ye 37 as J9 I, 2, Flats. 3, See also:Flat with bevelled edges. 4, 5, Flats with rounded edges. 6, Bulb See also:bar. 7, See also:Wedge bar. 8, Scree or See also:grate bar. 9, Square. to, Triangular. it, Hexagonal. 12, See also:Round. 13, See also:Oval. 14, Hollow See also:half-round. 15, Half-round.

16, See also:

Convex. 17, Square-edged convex. 18, Vee. 19, O.G. 20, See also:Angle iron. 21, Square See also:root, or square See also:throat angle. 22, Round-backed angle. 23, Unequal-sided angle. 24, Acute angle. 25, Obtuse angle. 26, Bulb angle. 27, Tee.

28, Bulb tee. 29, 30, Beams or joists, or girders, or H-irons. 31, Channel. 32, Zed. 33, Cruciform See also:

section. 34, See also:Pillar section. 35, Troughing. 36, 37, 38, See also:Rail-way rail. 39, See also:Tramway rail. 40, Heavy See also:crane rail. (figs. 2 and 3).

In the two-high type the two rolls revolve in opposite directions, so that an ingot, slab or See also:

bloom presented to the entering See also:side is See also:drawn in and between the rolls, which reduce its thickness. In the See also:case of rolls which are two perfectly See also:plain cylinders (See also:plate-rolls) the shape produced is that of broad, See also:long and flat plates or sheets. Several passages (passes) are required to effect the reduction required, because this must be See also:gradual. To regulate the amount the See also:top See also:roll is set down bodily by means of screws pressing on its See also:bearings which slide in the end supports (housings). In the case of plate-rolls, which are plain cylinders, this setting down must be equal at each end. The See also:mass of the top roll is balanced, to avoid See also:shock when a plate is entering. The rolls are made of cast iron, and are either See also:grain rolls or chilled rolls. The first are formed from a tough strong grade of iron, the quality which is used for all the roughing down and See also:general work. The second are made of a highly mottled iron, cast against a See also:cold See also:mould (chill) of cast iron, by which a steely See also:surface is obtained. These are used for See also:fine See also:finishing, or for imparting a polished surface to a section already nearly reduced to See also:size in grain rolls. In later heavier practice, rolls of cast steel and forged steel are becoming See also:common. They are more costly than iron, but more durable and much lighter for equal strength.

They are essential in See also:

armour plate rolls. The length of rolls should not exceed about four times their See also:diameter, for otherwise they are liable to See also:spring and produce plates thicker at the centre than towards the edges. From this elementary design several types are derived. In the two-high mill it is clear that if the direction of the rotation of the rolls is always the same, then the plate being rolled must be taken back after each " pass " to the front of the rolls. Hence there is one " lost pass " for every reduction in thickness. This is the case in the " pull-over " mill, nearly obsolete.

End of Article: ROLLINAT, MAURICE (1853-1903)

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