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gates, but in 1869 Nasr-ud-din Shah decided upon enlarging the city; the old wall and towers were demolished, the ditch was filled up and used for See also:

BUILDING

building sites, and an See also:

ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte consisting of a ditch and 58 unequal bastions according to See also:

VAUBAN

Vauban's first See also:

SYSTEM

system was constructed and completed in 1874. The city then took the shape of an irregular octagon, and its circumference (a See also:

LINE

line through the salient angles of the bastions) See also:

MEASURES

measures 19,596 metres, cr 12.18, in. The See also:

AREA

area within the bastions is about71 sq. m. There are twelve gates, which are closed from two See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours after sunset to an See also:

HOUR

hour before sunrise. According to observations taken in 1895 by See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

OFFICERS

officers in connexion with determining the See also:

LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude of See also:

MADRAS

Madras, the longitude of Teheran (See also:

PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar at the See also:

north-western corner of the British See also:

LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation grounds) is 51° 25' 2.8" E. The See also:

LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude of the old See also:

TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, which was situated almost due S., is 350 41' 6.83" N., and its See also:

ELEVATION

elevation 3810 ft. The See also:

NORTHERN

northern gates of the city are 282 ft. above the southern ones.

Teheran has little to distinguish it in See also:

general outward See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance from other cities of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, though in See also:

RECENT

recent years (since the above-mentioned See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension) many broad and straight streets and a number of buildings of western See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, shops with show windows, electric lamps, cabs, &c., have been introduced. " We are in a city which was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born and nurtured in the See also:

East, but is beginning to clothe itself at a See also:

West-End tailor's " (Curzon). Most of the innovations are to be seen only in the northern See also:

PART

part of the See also:

TOWN

town where the Europeans and many well-to-do natives reside. The See also:

ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

ark or citadel, situated nearly in the centre of the town, contains the shah 's See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and a number of See also:

MODERN

modern buildings of respectable appearance, for instance the See also:

FOREIGN

foreign office, the See also:

war office, customs, telegraph station, See also:

ARSENAL

arsenal, &c. Immediately north of the ark are the See also:

MAIDAN

Maidan Tupkhaneh (See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

Artillery Square), 270 yds. by 120, and the See also:

GREAT

great Maidan i Mashk (Maidan of See also:

DRILL

drill), the military See also:

PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade ground, 550 yds. by 350. See also:

South of the ark are the bazaars, the central See also:

ARCADE

arcade and See also:

CARAVANSERAI

caravanserai built c. 185o by the See also:

PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister Mirza Taki See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, commonly known as the See also:

AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir, and beyond them, as well as on the east and west, are the quarters of the old town, with narrow, crooked and mostly unpaved and unclean streets. Teheran has 62 m. of tramways (single lines) and is connected with Shah-abdul-Azim by a single line of railway of one-See also:

METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre See also:

GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge and 51 M. See also:

long (the only railway in Persia). See also:

WATER

Water is freely supplied to the town by means of about See also:

THIRTY

thirty underground canals (kanats), led f om the slope of the northern hills and See also:

RUNNING

running 5 to 10 M. at considerable depths below the See also:

SURFACE

surface. The water See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply would be ample for the requirements of the See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population if it could be regularly and equally distributed; but the supply in the months of See also:

OCTOBER

October and See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November is only about one-See also:

HALF

half of that during See also:

March, and much water is lost through open ditches and by leakage. The See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution therefore is irregular: in See also:

winter and See also:

early See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, when the gardens require very little water from the canals, the supply is too great, and in summer it is too little. It has been calculated that the mean water supply amounts to the enormous quantity of 921,00c gallons per hour all the See also:

YEAR

year See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, but that, after deducting the quantity wasted in distribution, See also:

IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation of gardens, filling tanks and See also:

BATHS

baths, watering streets.

&c., there remain See also:

FORTY

forty-two gallons per See also:

head daily during the See also:

month of See also:

APRIL

April, seventeen during See also:

JULY

July, See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, and ten during October and November. Even the last quantity would suffice if evenly distributed, but as most of the canals are private See also:

PROPERTY

property and See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent of See also:

government or municipal See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, the distribution is unequal, and it frequently happens that when some parts of the city have water in abundance others have hardly any. Teheran has many mosques, all of recent date, the finest being the one called Masjed i Sipahsalar, built by Mirza Husain Khan Sipahsalar Azam, who was prime minister for ten years until 1884. It is situated in the new part of the city and adjoining it is the Baharistan palace, once the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Sipahsalar, after-wards occupied by the See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly. Another notable See also:

MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque is the Masjed i Shah, completed c. 1840. There are also many colleges and See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, some of them with See also:

EUROPEAN

European teachers, including the " See also:

German School " (1907) with a yearly See also:

SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy of 220o from the shah. Before Nasr-ud-din's first voyage to See also:

EUROPE

Europe in 1873 only four western states had legations and consulates at Teheran; now twelve states are represented. The See also:

PRESENT

present population of Teheran is about 280,000, including 600 Europeans, 4000 See also:

Jews, the same number of Armenians, 200 Zoroastrians, and a See also:

garrison of 3000, to 4000. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is considered unhealthy, particularly in the summer and early autumn, when typhoid, See also:

AGUE (from Lat. acuta, sharp; sc. febris, fever)

ague and other fevers See also:

ACE (derived through the Lat. as, from the Tarentine form of the Gr. etc)

ace prevalent, but something in the way of sanitation has been effected and there is a distinct improvement. The author of the Zinat el majalis, See also:

writing in 1596, states that See also:

CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera frequently visited the city, and, the north being shut off by high mountains, the See also:

air was hot and evil-smelling and the water unwholesome, in fact the climate was so See also:

BAD, BCD

bad that even the See also:

ANGEL

Angel of See also:

DEATH

Death ran away from it. The mean yearly temperature calculated from observations taken for a number of years ending 1902 was 62.6° F., the highest temperature observed was III°, the lowest 3°, giving a difference of toe between extremes.

The hottest month is July, with a mean of 85.2°, the coldest See also:

JANUARY

January, with a mean of 34.25°. The mean See also:

ANNUAL

annual rainfall during a See also:

period of 15 years ending 31st See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1907, was to ins. in the Jehankusha i Juvaini, a See also:

Persian See also:

HISTORY

history written in the 13th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the name of the town is written Tiran, while other See also:

WORKS

works have the name as it is now written, viz. Tehran. The latter spelling is due to Arab See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, old Persian names being frequently Arabicized and sometimes becoming unrecognizable. Two villages in the neighbourhood of See also:

ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan appear as Tiran in old documents, while in modern See also:

revenue accounts and lists they are written Tehran. The Mujem el Buldan, a See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

DICTIONARY

dictionary written in 1224, describes Teheran as a See also:

VILLAGE

village 4 M. distant from Rai (Rhages). Pietro della See also:

VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle, who passed a See also:

NIGHT

night (See also:

JUNE

June 6-7, 1618) at Teheran, writes Taheran " (perhaps thinking it to be a plural of taker, " the pure "), and See also:

Sir See also:

Thomas See also:

Herbert, who visited it on the 14th of June 1627, calls it " Tyroan," and states that it contained 3000 houses built of See also:

sun-dried bricks and had its water supply from a little See also:

RIVER

river which flowed through it in two branches. Almost the whole of the city was destroyed by the Afghans in 1723, and Teheran did not regain any importance until the See also:

close of the century when Agha Mahommed Khan, the founder of the Kajar See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, made it his capital and residence. Dr See also:

OLIVIER, JUSTE DANIEL (1807-1876)

Olivier, who visited Teheran in 1796, says, " In spite of Agha Mohammed Khan's efforts to induce See also:

PEOPLE

people to See also:

settle and merchants and manufacturers to establish themselves there, the population of Teheran does not amount to 15,000 souls, including a garrison of 3000." (A.

End of Article: TEHERAN

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