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See also:ALEXANDER NEVSKY, See also:SAINT (1220-1263) , See also:grand-See also:duke of See also:Vladimir, was the second son of the grand-duke Yaroslay. His childhood and youth were spent at See also:Great See also:Novgorod, whither his See also:father sent him to See also:rule (1228) with some See also:guardian boyars. In 1239 he married Alexandra, daughter of See also:Prince Bryachislav of See also:Polotsk. At an See also:early See also:age he distinguished himself in See also:constant warfare with the Germans, Swedes and See also:Lithuanians, who tried to wrest Novgorod and See also:Pskov from See also:Russia while she was still suffering from the effects of the terrible Tatar invasion. The most notable of these battles, whereby he won his honorific epithet of Nevsky (i.e. of the See also:Neva ), was fought on the See also:banks of the Neva (See also:July r 5, 1240) against the famous See also:Swedish statesman, See also:Birger Jarl, whom he utterly defeated, besides wounding him with his See also:lance. In the following See also:year the See also:Teutonic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order, in See also:conjunction with the Order of the See also:Sword, succeeded in capturing Pskov; but Alexander recovered it in 1242, advanced into See also:Livonia, and on the 5th of See also:April defeated the knights on the See also:ice of See also:Lake See also:Peipus and compelled them in the ensuing See also:peace to renounce all their conquests. He also prevented the Swedes (in 1256) from settling in See also:South See also:Finland. On the See also:death of his father (1246) Alexander and his younger See also:brother See also:Andrew went on a two years' See also:journey into See also:Mongolia to obtain their yarluiki, or letters of See also:investiture, from the Grand See also:Khan, who then disposed of the See also:fate of all the See also:Russian princes. He returned (1250) as grand-duke of See also:Kiev and Novgorod, while to Andrew was given the far more important grand-duchy of Vladimir. In 1252, however, the See also:Tatars themselves expelled Andrew and placed Alexander on the See also:throne of Vladimir. Alexander henceforth did his best for his See also:country by humbling himself before the Tatars so as to give them no pretext for ravaging the See also:land again. Most of his spare See also:money he devoted to the ransoming of the numerous Russian captives detained at the See also:Golden See also:Horde. But the men of Novgorod, in their semi-See also:independent See also:republic, continued (1255–1257) to give the grand-duke trouble, their See also:chief grievance being the See also:imposition of a Tatar See also:tribute, which they only submitted to in 1259 on the rumour of an impending Tatar invasion. In 1262 the Tatar tribute was See also:felt so grievously all over Russia that preparations were made for a See also:general insurrection, and Alexander, who knew that an abortive See also:rebellion would make the yoke heavier, was obliged to go to the Horde in See also:person to prevent the Tatars from again attacking Russia. He stayed at Sarai, their Volgan See also:capital, all the See also:winter, and not only succeeded in obtaining a mitigation of the tribute, but also the abolition of the military service previously rendered by the Russians to the Tatars. This was his last service to hiscountry. He died on his way See also:home from the Horde, and in the words of his contemporary, the See also:metropolitan See also:Cyril, "with him the See also:sun of Russia set." The Orthodox See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church has canonized the ruler who gave his whole See also:life for Russia and the Orthodox faith. His See also:relics, discovered in 1380, were in 1724 translated by See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter the Great from Vladimir to St See also:Petersburg.
See Sergyei Mikhailovich Solovev, See also:History of Russia (Rua., 2nd ed., St Petersburg, 1897, vol. 3). (R.
End of Article: ALEXANDER NEVSKY, SAINT (1220-1263)
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