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BERNHARD OF SA%E-See also:WEIMAR, See also:DUKE (1604-1639), a celebrated See also:general in the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War, was the See also:eleventh son of See also:John, duke of See also:Saxe-Weimar. He received an unusually See also:good See also:education, and studied at See also:Jena, but soon went to the See also:court of the Saxon elector to engage in knightly exercises. At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War he took the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field on the See also:Protestant See also:side, and served under See also:Mansfeld at Wiesloch (1622), under the See also:margrave of See also:Baden at Wimpfen (1622), and with his See also:brother See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William at Stadtlohn (1623). Undismayed by these defeats, he took See also:part in the See also:campaigns of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Denmark; and when See also:Christian withdrew from the struggle Bernhard went to See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland and was See also:present at the famous See also:siege of Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) in 1629. When Gustavus See also:Adolphus landed in See also:Germany Bernhard quickly joined him, and for a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he was See also:colonel of the See also:Swedish See also:life See also:guards. After the See also:battle of See also:Breitenfeld he accompanied Gustavus in his See also:march to the See also:Rhine and, between this event and the battle of the Alte Veste, See also:Bern-hard commanded numerous expeditions in almost every See also:district from the Moselle to See also:Tirol. At the Alte Veste he displayed the greatest courage, and at Ltitzen, when Gustavus was killed, Bernhard immediately assumed the command, killed a colonel who refused to See also:lead his men to the See also:charge, and finally by his furious See also:energy won the victory at sundown. At first as a sub-See also:ordinate to his brother William, who as a Swedish See also:lieutenant-general succeeded to the command, but later as an See also:independent See also:commander, Bernhard continued to push his forays over See also:southern
M. 26Germany; and with the Swedish General See also:Horn he made in 1633 a successful invasion into See also:Bavaria, which was defended by the imperialist general Arldinger. In this See also:year he acquired the duchy of See also:Wurzburg, installing one of his See also:brothers as Stadthalter, and returning to the See also:wars. A stern Protestant, he exacted heavy contributions from the See also:Catholic cities which he took, and his repeated victories caused him to be regarded by See also:German Protestants as the saviour of their See also:religion. But in 1634 Bernhard suffered the See also:great defeat of See also:Nordlingen, in which the See also:flower of the Swedish See also:army perished. In 1635 he entered the service of See also:France, which had now intervened in the war. He was now at the same time general-in-See also:chief of the forces maintained by the See also:Heilbronn See also:union of Protestant princes, and a general officer in the pay of France. This See also:double position was very difficult; in the following campaigns, ably and resolutely conducted as they were, Bernhard sometimes pursued a purely See also:French policy, whilst at other times he used the French mercenaries to forward the cause of the princes. From a military point of view his most notable achievements were on the See also:common ground of the upper Rhine, in the See also:Breisgau. In his great See also:campaign of 1638 he won the battles of Rheinfelden, Wittenweiher and See also:Thann, and captured successively Rheinfelden, See also:Freiburg and See also:Breisach, the last reputed one of the strongest fortresses in See also:Europe. Bernhard had in the first instance received definite assurances from France that he should be given See also:Alsace and See also:Hagenau, Wurzburg having been lost in the debdde of 1634; he now hoped to make Breisach the See also:capital of his new duchy. But his See also:health was now broken. He died on the 8/18th of See also:July 1639 at the beginning of the campaign, and the See also:governor of Breisach was bribed to See also:transfer the fortress to France. The duke was buried at Breisach, his remains being subsequently removed to Weimar.
See J. A. C. Hellfeld, Geschichte Bernhards See also:des Grossen, Herzogs v. Saxe-Weimar (Jena, 1747); B. See also:Rose, See also:Herzog Bernhard d. See also:Grosse von Saxe-Weimar (Weimar, 1828-1829) ; See also:Droysen, Bernhard v. Weimar (See also:Leipzig, 1885).
End of Article: BERNHARD OF
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