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Gentz acted as secretary. The business to be discussed, as announced in Metternich's opening address, was twofold: (I) Matters of urger importance necessitating immediate See also:

ACTION

action; (2) Questions affecting the fundamental constitution of the German See also:

CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation, demanding more careful and prolonged discussion. To the first class belonged (a) the urgent See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for a See also:

UNIFORM

uniform system of See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press regulation in Germany; (b) the most urgent See also:

MEASURES

measures in regard to the supervision of See also:

UNIVERSITIES

universities and See also:

SCHOOLS

schools; (c) measures in view of the already discovered machinations of the See also:

POLITICAL

political parties. To the second class belonged (a) the more clear See also:

DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article XIII. of the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Confederation (i.e. state constitutions); (b) the creation of a permanent federal supreme See also:

court; (c) the creation of a federal executive organization (Bundes-Executions Ordnung) armed with See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to make the decrees of the See also:

DIET

diet and the judgments of the high court effective; (d) the facilitation of commercial intercourse within the See also:

con-federation in accordance with article XIX. of the Act of Con-federation (Beilage A. zum ersten Protokoll, See also:

Martens, iv. p. 74). These questions were debated in twenty-three formal conferences. On the issues raised by the first class there was See also:

PRACTICAL

practical unanimity. All were agreed that the state of Germany demanded disciplinary measures, and as the result of the deliberations it was determined to See also:

lay before the federal diet definite proposals for (1) a uniform press censorship over all periodical publications; (2) a system of " curators " to supervise the See also:

EDUCATION

education given in universities and schools, with disciplinary enactments against professors and teachers who should use their position for purposes of political propaganda; (3) the erection of a central See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission at See also:

MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, armed with inquisitorial See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, for the purpose of unmasking the widespread revolutionary See also:

CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, the existence of which was assumed.

On the questions raised under the second class there was more fundamental difference of See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and by far the greater See also:

PART

part of the time of the conference was occupied in discussing the burning question of the due See also:

INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of article XIII. The controversy raged See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the distinction between " assemblies of estates," as laid down in the article, and " representative assemblies," such as had been already established in several German states. Gentz, in an elaborate memorandum (Nebenbeilage zum siebenten Protokoll, iv. p. 102), laid down that See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation by estates was the only system compatible with the conservative principle, as the " outcome of a well-ordered See also:

CIVIL

civil society, in which the relations and rights of the several estates are due to the See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar position of the classes and corporations on which they are based, which have been from time to time modified by See also:

law without detracting from the essentials of the See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign power "; whereas representative assemblies are based on " the See also:

SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the See also:

PEOPLE

people." In See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to this, See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Wintzingerode, on behalf of the See also:

king of Wurttemberg, placed on See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record (Nebenbeilage 2 zum neunten Protokoll, p. 147) a protest, in which he urged that to insist on the system of estates would be to stereotype See also:

CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste distinctions See also:

FOREIGN

foreign to the whole spirit of the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, would alienate public opinion from the governments, and —if enforced by the central power—would violate the sovereign See also:

independence of those states which, like Wurttemberg, had already established representative constitutions. Though the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the ministers present favoured the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian interpretation of article XIII. as elaborated by Gentz, they were as little prepared as the representative of Wurttemberg to agree to any hasty measures for strengthening the federal See also:

government at the expense of the jealously guarded prerogatives of the See also:

minor sovereignties. The result was that the constitutional questions falling under the second class were reserved for further discussion at a See also:

general conference of German ministers to be summoned at See also:

Vienna later in the See also:

YEAR

year. The 348 effective Carlsbad resolutions, subsequently issued as See also:

LAWS

laws by the federal diet, were therefore only those dealing with the curbing of the " revolutionary " agitation. For the results of their operation see GERMANY: See also:

HISTORY

History. The acts, piotocols and resolutions of the conference of Carlsbad are given in M. de Martens's Nouveau Recueil general de traites, &c., t. 4, pp. 8-166 (See also:

GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1846).

An interesting See also:

criticism of the Carlsbad Decrees is appended (p. 166), addressed by Baron Hans von See also:

GAGERN, HANS CHRISTOPH ERNST, BARON VON (1766-'852)

Gagern, See also:

Luxemburg representative in the federal diet, to Baron von PRssen, Mecklenburg plenipotentiary at the conference of Carlsbad. (W. A.

End of Article: CARLSBAD DECREES (Karlsbader Beschlusse)

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