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See also:CLUSIUM (mod. See also:Chiusi, q.v.) , an See also:ancient See also:town of See also:Italy, one of the twelve cities of See also:Etruria, situated on an isolated See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill at the S. end of the valley of the Clanis (See also:China). It was according to See also:Roman tradition one of the See also:oldest cities of Etruria and indeed of all Italy, and, if Camars (the See also:original name of the town, according to See also:Livy) is rightly connected with the Camertes Umbri, its See also:foundation would go back to pre-See also:Etruscan times. It first appears in Roman See also:history at the end of the 7th See also:century B.C., when it joined the other Etruscan towns against Tarquinius See also:Priscus, and At the end ofethe 6th century B.C. it placed itself,
under its See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king Lars See also:Porsena, at the See also:head of the See also:attempt to re-establish the Tarquins in See also:Rome. At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the invasion of the Gauls in 391 B.C., on the other See also:hand, Clusium was on friendly terms with Rome; indeed, it was the See also:action of the Roman envoys who had come to intercede for the See also:people of Clusium with the Gauls, and then, contrary to See also:international See also:law, took See also:part in the See also:battle which followed, which determined the Gauls to See also:march on Rome. Near Clusium too, according to Livy (according to See also:Polybius ii. 19. 5, EP Tfl Kaµepeimv x6p%, i.e. in See also:Umbria near Camerinum), a battle occurred in 296 B.C. between the Gauls and See also:Samnites combined, and the See also:Romans; a little later the See also:united forces of Clusium and Perusia were defeated by the Romans. The precise See also:period at which Clusium came under Roman supremacy is, however, uncertain, though this must have happened before 225 B.C., when the Gauls advanced as far as Clusium. In 205 B.C. in the Second Punic See also:War we hear that they promised See also:ship See also:timber and See also:corn to Scipio. The Via See also:Cassia, constructed after 187 B.C., passed just below the town. In the first See also:civil war, Papirius See also:Carbo took up his position here, and two battles occurred in the neighbourhood. See also:Sulla appears to have increased the number of colonists, and a statue was certainly erected in his See also:honour here. In imperial times we hear little of it, though its See also:grain and grapes were famous. See also:Christianity found its way into Clusium as See also:early as the 3rd century, and the tombstone of a See also:bishop of A.D. 322 exists. In A.D. 540 it is named as a strong See also:place to which Vitiges sent a See also:garrison of a thousand men.
Of pre-Roman or Roman buildings in the town itself there are few remains, except for some fragments of the Etruscan town walls composed of rather small rectangular blocks of travertine, built into the See also:medieval fortifications. Under it, however, extends an elaborate See also:system of See also:rock-cut passages, probably drains. The See also:chief See also:interest of the place lies in its extensive See also:necropolis, which surrounds the See also:city on all sides. The earliest tombs (tombe a pozzo, See also:shaft tombs) are previous to the beginning of See also:Greek importation. Of tombe a fosso there are none, and the next See also:stage is marked by the so-called tombe a ziro, in which the cinerary See also:urn (often with a human head) is placed in a large See also:clay See also:jar (ziro, See also:Lat. dolium). These belong to the 7th century B.C., and are followed by the tombe a See also:camera, in which the See also:tomb is a chamber hewn in the rock, and which can be traced back to the beginning of the 6th century B.C. From one of the earliest of these came the famous See also:Francois See also:- VASE
- VASE (through Fr. from Lat. vas, a vessel, pl. vasa, of which the singular vasum is rarely found; the ultimate root is probably was-, to cover, seen in Lat: vestis, clothing, Eng. " vest," Gr. to-th c, and also in " wear," of garments)
vase; another is the tomb of See also:Poggio Renzo, or della Scimmia (the See also:monkey), with several See also:chambers decorated with archaic paintings. The most remarkable See also:group of tombs is, however, that of Poggio Gaiella, 3 M. to the N., where the hill is See also:honey-combed with chambers in three storeys (now, however, much ruined and inaccessible), partly connected by a system of passages, and supported at the See also:base by a See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone See also:wall which forms a circle and not a square—a fact which renders impossible its See also:identification with the tomb of Porsena, the description of which See also:Pliny •(Hist. Nat. See also:xxxvi. 91) has copied from See also:Varro. Other noteworthy tombs are those of the Granduca, with a single subterranean chamber carefully constructed in travertine, and containing eight sarcophagi of the same material; of Vigna Grande, very similar to this; of Colle Casuccini (the ancient stone See also:door of which is still in working See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order), with two chambers, containing paintings representing funeral See also:rites; of Poggio See also:Moro and Valdacqua, in the former of which the paintingsarealmost destroyed, while the latter is now inaccessible.
A conception of the See also:size of the whole necropolis may be gathered from the fact that nearly three thousand Etruscan See also:inscriptions have come to See also:light from Clusium and its See also:district alone, while the part of Etruria See also:north of it as far as the See also:Arno has produced barely five See also:hundred. Among the later tombs bilingual inscriptions are by no means rare, and both Etruscan and Latin inscriptions are often found in the same cemeteries, showing that the use of the Etruscan See also:language only died out gradually. A large number of the inscriptions are painted upon the tiles which closed the niches containing the cinerary urns, The urns themselves are small, often of terra-See also:cotta,originally painted, though the See also:majority of them have lost their See also:colour, and rectangular in shape. This See also:style of See also:burial seems See also:peculiar to a district which E. Bormann (Corp. Inscr. Lat. xi., See also:Berlin, 1887, p. 373) defines as a triangle formed by the Clanis (with the lakes of Chiusi and See also:Montepulciano, both small, shallow and See also:fever-breeding), on the E., the villages of Cetona, Sarteano, Castelluccio and Monticchiello on the W., and Montepulciano and Acquaviva on the N. In Roman times the territory of Clusium seems to have extended as far as See also:Lake See also:Trasimene. The See also:local museum contains a valuable and important collection of See also:objects from the necropolis, including some specially See also:fine bucchero, sepulchral urns of travertine, See also:alabaster and terra-cotta, painted vases, stone cippi with reliefs, &c.
Two See also:Christian catacombs have been found near Clusium, one in the hill of S. Caterina near the railway station, the inscriptions of which seem to go back to the 3rd century, another 1 m. to the E. in a hill on which a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church and monastery of S. Mustiola stood, which goes back to the 4th century, including among its inscriptions one bearing the date A.D. 303, and the tombstone of L. See also:Petronius See also:Dexter, bishop of Clusium, who died in A.D. 322. The See also:total number of inscriptions known in Clusium is nearly 3000 Etruscan (Corp. Inscr. Etrusc., Berlin, 475-3306) and 500 Latin (Corp. Inscr. Lat. xi. 2090-2593). To the W. and N.W. of Chiusi—at Cetona, Sarteano, Chianciano and Montepulciano—Etruscan cemeteries have been discovered; the objects from them formed, in the latter See also:half of the 19th century, interesting local collections described by See also:Dennis, which have since mostly passed to larger museums or been dispersed.
See G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria(See also:London,1883),ii.290 seq. ; L. Giometti, Guida di Chiusi (Poggibonsi, 1904). (T.
End of Article: CLUSIUM (mod. Chiusi, q.v.)
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