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NECTAR , in See also:ancient See also:mythology generally coupled with a mbrosia, the nourishment of the gods in See also:Homer and in See also:Greek literature generally. Probably the two terms were not originally distinguished; but usually both in Homer and in later writers nectar is the drink and See also:ambrosia the See also:food. On the other See also:hand, in See also:Alcman nectar is the food, and in See also:Sappho and Anaxandrides ambrosia the drink. Each is used in Homer as an unguent (Iliad, xiv. 170; xix. 38). Both are fragrant, and may be used as perfume. According to W. H. See also:Roscher (Nektar and Ambrosia, 1883; see also his See also:article in Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologic) nectar and ambrosia were originally only different forms of the same substance See also:honey, regarded as a See also:dew, like See also:manna, fallen from See also:heaven, which.was used both as food and drink. (See also AMBROSIA.)
NEED-See also:FIRE, or See also:WILD-FIRE (Ger. Notfeuer, O. Ger. nodfyr), a See also:term used in See also:folklore to denote a curious superstition which survived in the See also:Highlands of See also:Scotland until a See also:recent date. Like the fire-churning still customary in See also:India for kindling thq sacrificial fire, the need- or wild-fire is made by the See also:friction of one piece of See also:wood on another, or of a rope upon a stake. Need-fire is a practice of shepherd peoples to See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward off disease from their herds and flocks. It is kindled on occasions of See also:special See also:distress, particularly at the outbreak of a See also:murrain, and the See also:cattle are driven through it. Its efficacy is believed to depend on all other fires being extinguished. The kindling of the need-fire in a See also:village near Quedlinburg was impeded by a See also:night See also:light burning in the parsonage (Prohle, Harz-Bilder, See also:Leipzig, 1855). According to one See also:account, in the Highlands of Scotland the See also:rule that all See also:common fires must be previously extinguished applied only to the houses situated between the two nearest See also:running streams (See also:Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-See also:European Tradition and Folklore, p. 53 seq.). In See also:Bulgaria even smoking during need-fire is forbidden. Two naked men produce the fire by rubbing dry branches together in the See also:forest, and with the See also:flame they light two fires, one on each See also:side of a See also:cross-road haunted by wolves. The cattle are then driven between the two fires, from which glowing embers are taken to rekindle the See also:cold hearths in the houses (A. Strausz, See also:Die Bulgaren, p. 198). In See also:Caithness the men who kindled the need-fire had previously to divest themselves of all See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal. In some of the See also:Hebrides the men who made the fire had to be eighty-one in number and all married. In the See also:Halberstadt See also:district in See also:Germany, the rope which was See also:wound See also:round the stake, must be pulled by two chaste boys; while at Wolfenbiittel, contrary to usual See also:custom, it is said that the need-fire had to be struck out of the cold See also:anvil by the See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
smith. In See also:England the need-fire is said to have been lit at Birtley within the last See also:half-See also:century. The superstition had its origin in the See also:early ideas of the purifying nature of flame.
See also See also:Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, i. 501 sqq. ; Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folklore, p. 48 sqq. ; See also:Elton, Origins of See also:English See also:History, p. 293 sqq. ; J. G. Frazer, The See also:Golden Bough, iii. 301.
End of Article: NECTAR
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