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weaving (or dark-haired), pure, sweet-smiling Sappho, I wish to say somewhat, but shame hinders me "; and she answered in another ode: " Hadst See also:

thou had See also:

DESIRE

desire of aught See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good or See also:

FAIR

fair, shame would not have touched thine eyes, but thou wouldst have spoken thereof openly." The See also:

story of her love for the disdainful Phaon, and her leap into the See also:

sea from the Leucadian promontory, together with that of her See also:

FLIGHT

flight from Mytilene to See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, has no See also:

CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation; we are not even told whether she died of the leap or not. Critics again are agreed that Suidas was simply gulled by the comic poets when he tells of her See also:

HUSBAND

husband, Cercolas of See also:

Andros. Both the aspersions which these poets See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast on her See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and the embellishments with which they garnished her See also:

LIFE

life passed for centuries as undoubted See also:

HISTORY

history. Six comedies entitled Sappho and two Phaon, were produced by the See also:

MIDDLE

Middle See also:

COMEDY

Comedy; but, when we consider, for example, the way in which See also:

SOCRATES

Socrates was caricatured by See also:

Aristophanes, we are justified in putting no faith whatever in such authority. We may conclude that Sappho was not utterly vicious, though by no means a See also:

PARAGON

paragon of virtue. All See also:

ancient tradition and the character of her extant fragments show that her morality was what has ever since been known as See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and a bluish or yellowish See also:

green. In blue See also:

TOURMALINE

tourmaline and in See also:

IOLITE

iolite—stones sometimes mistaken for See also:

SAPPHIRE

sapphire—the dichroism is much more distinct. The blue See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour in sapphire has been variously referred to the presence of oxides of See also:

CHROMIUM (symbol Cr. atomic weight 52.1)

chromium, See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron or See also:

TITANIUM [symbol Ti, atomic weight 48.1 (0 = 16)]

titanium, whilst an organic origin has also been suggested.

On exposure to a high temperature, the sapphire usually loses colour, but, unlike See also:

RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby, it does not regain it on cooling. A. See also:

Verneuil succeeded in imparting a sapphire-blue colour to artificial alumina by addition of 1.5% of magnetic See also:

OXIDE

oxide of iron and 0.5% of titanic See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid (Comptes rendus, See also:

Jan. 17, 1910). According to F. Bordas, the blue colour of sapphire exposed to the See also:

ACTION

action of See also:

RADIUM (from Lat. radius, ray)

radium changes to green and then to yellow. Under artificial See also:

ILLUMINATION

illumination many sapphires appear dark and inky, whilst in some cases the blue changes to a violet, so that the sapphire seems to be transformed to an See also:

AMETHYST

amethyst. According to lapidaries the hardness of sapphire slightly exceeds that of ruby, and it is also rather denser. Notwithstanding its hardness it has been sometimes engraved as a See also:

gem. See also:

CEYLON

Ceylon has for ages been famous for sapphires. They occur, with many other gem-stones, as pebbles or rolled crystals in alluvial deposits of See also:

sand and See also:

GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel; the gem-gravel being known locally as illam. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal localities are See also:

RATNAPURA (i.e. " The City of Gems ")

Ratnapura, Rakwana in the See also:

province of Sabara-Gamawa and Matara.

Some of the slightly-cloudy Ceylon sapphires, usually of greyish-blue colour, display when cut with a See also:

CONVEX

convex See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face a chatoyant luminosity, sometimes forming a luminous See also:

STAR

star of six rays, whence they are called " star-sapphires " (see See also:

ASTERIA

ASTERIA). The asterism seems due to the presence of microscopic tubular cavities, or to enclosure of crystalline minerals, arranged in a definite See also:

SYSTEM

system. In 1875 sapphires were discovered in deposits of See also:

clay and sand in See also:

BATTAMBANG, or BATTAMBONG (locally Phratabong)

Battambang (See also:

SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam), where they have been worked on a considerable See also:

scale. They occur also with rubies in the provinces of See also:

CHANTABUN, or CITANTABURI

Chantabun and Krat. Many of the Siamese sapphires are of very dark colour, some being so deeply tinted as to appear almost See also:

black by reflected See also:

LIGHT

light. In Upper See also:

BURMA

Burma sapphires occur in association with rubies, but are much less important (see RUBY). Sapphires are also found in See also:

KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir, where they occur, associated with tourmaline, in the Zanskar range, especially near the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Soomjam. See also:

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar yields sapphires generally of very deep colour, occurring as rolled crystals. Sapphire is widely distributed through the See also:

gold-bearing drifts of See also:

Victoria, New See also:

South See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and See also:

QUEENSLAND

Queensland, but the blue colour of the Australian stones is usually dark, and it is notable that green tints are not infrequent. The Anakie sapphire-See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of Queensland are situated near Anakie station on the Central railway, to the See also:

west of See also:

EMERALD

Emerald and See also:

east of the See also:

Drummond Range. Sapphire occurs also in See also:

TASMANIA

Tasmania. Coarse sapphire is found in many parts of the See also:

UNITED

United States, and the See also:

MINERAL

mineral occurs of gem quality in See also:

North Carolina and See also:

MONTANA

Montana.

The See also:

GREAT

great See also:

CORUNDUM

corundum deposits of CorundumH See also:

ill, See also:

Macon See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county,N.C.,have yielded good sapphires, and they are found also at Cowee See also:

Creek in the same county. In Montana, sapphires were discovered as far back as 1865, and have been worked on a large scale. They were originally found in washing for gold. The rolled crystals of sapphire occur, with See also:

garnet and other minerals, in glacial deposits, and have probably been derived from dykes of igneous rocks, like See also:

ANDESITE

andesite and lamprophyre. They display much variety of colour, and exhibit See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar brilliancy when cut, but are often of See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale tints. The principal localities are at See also:

MISSOURI

Missouri See also:

Bar, Ruby Bar and other places near See also:

Helena, where they were first worked, and also at Yogo Gulch, near See also:

UTICA

Utica. The Helena crystals are of See also:

TABULAR

tabular See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, being composed of the basal pinacoid with a very See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short hexagonal See also:

PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism, whilst at Yogo Gulch many of the crystals affect a See also:

RHOMBOHEDRAL

rhombohedral habit. The Montana sapphires and the See also:

MATRIX

matrix have been described by Dr G. F. Kunz, See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor L. V. Pirsson and Dr J.

H. See also:

PRATT, ORSON (1811–1881)

Pratt (Amer. Jour. Sc., See also:

ser. 4, vol. iv., 1897). The sapphire occurs also in See also:

EUROPE

Europe, being found in the Iserweise of Bohemia and in the See also:

BASALT

basalt of the See also:

RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine valley and of Le-See also:

Puy-en-Velay in See also:

France, but the See also:

EUROPEAN

European atones have no See also:

INTEREST

interest as gems. Although the See also:

TERM

term sapphire is primarily applied to blue corundum, it is often used in a See also:

general sense so as to include all corundum of gem quality, regardless of colour. Hence clear colourless corundum is known as See also:

white sapphire or " leucosapphire." Such stones have been occasionally cut as lenses for microscopes, being recommended for such use by their high refractivity, weak See also:

dispersion and great hardness. White See also:

TOPAZ

topaz is sometimes called " See also:

WATER

water-sapphire," a name which should, however, be restricted to iolite (q.v.). Yellow corundum is not uncommon in Ceylon and is termed yellow sapphire or " See also:

ORIENTAL

oriental topaz," the prefix " oriental " being often applied to corundum. When of pale yellowish-green colour the sapphire is called " oriental See also:

CHRYSOLITE

chrysolite,' when greenish-blue " oriental aqua-marine," when of brilliant green colour " oriental emerald," and when violet " oriental amethyst." (For figure of crystal of sapphire see CORUNDUM and for artificial sapphire see GEM, § Artificial.) The so-called " See also:

Hope sapphires " of See also:

trade have been shown to be artificial blue spinels, coloured by See also:

COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt. Sapphirine is a rare mineral, not related to sapphire except in" Lesbian." At Lesbos she was See also:

head of a great poetic school, for poetry in that See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was cultivated as assiduously and apparently as successfully by See also:

WOMEN

women as by men.

Her most famous pupils were See also:

ERINNA

Erinna of Telos and Damophyla of See also:

PAMPHYLIA

Pamphylia. In antiquity her fame rivalled that of See also:

HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer. She was called " the poetess," he " the poet." Different writers See also:

style her " the tenth Muse, " the See also:

flower of the See also:

GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

Graces," " a See also:

MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle," " the beautiful," the last epithet referring to her writings, not her See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, which is said to have been small and dark. Her poems were arranged in nine books, on what principle is uncertain; she is said to have sung them to the Mixo-Lydian mode, which she herself invented. The perfection and finish of every See also:

LINE

line, the See also:

correspondence of sense and See also:

sound, the incomparable command over all the most delicate resources of See also:

VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, and the exquisite symmetry of the See also:

COMPLETE

complete odes.which are extant, raise her into the very first See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of technical poetry at once, while her See also:

PAINTING

painting of See also:

PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, which caused See also:

LONGINUS, CASSIUS (c. A.D. 213-273)

Longinus to quote the ode to Anactoria as an example of the See also:

SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime, has never been since surpassed, and only approached by See also:

CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus and in the Vita Nuova. Her fragments also See also:

bear See also:

witness to a profound feeling for the beauty of nature. The ancients also attributed to her a considerable See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in See also:

SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire, but in See also:

HEXAMETER

hexameter verse they considered her inferior to her See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil Erinna. The fragments of Sappho have been preserved by other authors incidentally. Three fragments ascribed to her have been found on See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian papyri within See also:

RECENT

recent years. The first two were published by W. See also:

SCHUBART, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH DANIEL (1739-1791)

Schubart in Sitzungsberichte d. konigl. preuss. Akademie d.

Wissenschaften (1902), i. 195 and re-edited (with bibliography) in the Berliner Klassikertexte, v. 2 (1907) ; the third, discovered in 1879, and attributed to Sappho by See also:

BLASS, FRIEDRICH (1843—1907)

Blass, is re-edited in the See also:

Berlin. Klass. v. For these three fragments see especially J. M. Edmonds, in Classical See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

JUNE

June, 1909), pp. 99-104 (See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, trans., comment.) and on the text of the " Ode to the Nereids " in Classical Quarterly (See also:

OCTOBER

October, 1909). The poems were separately edited with See also:

TRANSLATION

translation by See also:

Wharton (3rd ed., 1895) ; also in H. See also:

Weir See also:

Smyth's Greek Melic Poets (1900). See also P. Brandt, Sappho (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1905); B.

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