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Ireland. Many species are in cultivation, including the Bergenias or Megaseas with their large fleshy leaves and copious panicles of rosy or See also:

PINK

pink flowers, the numerous alpine species, such as S. pyramidalis, S. cotyledon, &c., with tall panicles studded with See also:

white flowers, and many others, most of them adapted for rockwork. SA X0 GRAMMATICUS (c. 1150-C.

1206), Danish historian and poet, belonged to a See also:

FAMILY

family of warriors, his See also:

FATHER

father and See also:

GRAND

grand-father having served under Valdemar I., See also:

king of See also:

Denmark (d. 1182). Brought up for the clerical profession, Saxo entered the service of See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

ABSALON (c. 1128–1201)

Absalon about 118o, and remained in that capacity until the See also:

DEATH

death of Absalon in 1201. It was at the archbishop's instigation that he began, about 1185, to write the See also:

HISTORY

history of the Danish See also:

Christian See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings from the See also:

time of Sweyn Astridson (d. 1076), but later Absalon prevailed on him to write also the history of the earlier See also:

HEATHEN

heathen times, and to combine both into a great See also:

WORK

work, Gesta Danorum, or Historia Danica. The archbishop died before the work was finished, and therefore the See also:

PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, written about 1208, dedicates the work to his successor Archbishop Andreas, and to King Valdemar II. Nothing else is known about Saxo's See also:

LIFE

life and See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person; a See also:

CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of 1265 calls him " mirae et urbanae eloquentiae clericus "; and an See also:

epitome of his work from about 1340 describes him as " egregius grammaticus, origine Sialandicus." That he was a native of See also:

ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand is probably correct, inasmuch as, whereas he often criticizes the Jutlanders and the Scanians, he frequently praises the Zealanders. The surname of " Grammaticus " is probably of later origin, scarcely earlier than 1500, apparently owing to a See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake. The See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " See also:

PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of See also:

ROSKILDE, or ROESKILDE

Roskilde," given him in the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, is also probably incorrect, the historian being confounded with an older contemporary, the provost of the same name. Saxo, from his See also:

APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship as the archbishop's secretary, had acquired a brilliant but somewhat euphuistic Latin See also:

style, and wrote See also:

FINE

fine Latin verses, but otherwise he does not seem to have had anf very great learning or extensive See also:

READING

reading. His See also:

MODELS

models of style were See also:

VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius See also:

Maximus, See also:

JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin and Martianus See also:

CAPELLA, MARTIANUS MINNEUS FELIX

Capella, especiallythe last. Occasionally he mentions See also:

Bede, See also:

DUDO, or DEMON (fl. C. 1000)

Dudo of St Quentin and See also:

Paulus Diaconus, but he does not seem to have studied them or any other See also:

HISTORICAL

historical See also:

WORKS

works thoroughly.

His See also:

SOURCES

sources are partly Danish traditions and songs, partly the statements of Archbishop Absalon, partly the accounts of Icelanders and, lastly, some few earlier sources, lists of Danish kings and See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles, which furnished him with some reliable See also:

CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological facts. He considered traditions as history, and therefore made it his See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief business to recount and arrange these, and his work is a loosely connected See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of Danish kings and heroes. The first nine books of the Gesta Danorum comprise traditions of kings and heroes of the See also:

HALF

half-mythical time up to about 950. Here we have traditions about Fredfrode, about Amleth (See also:

HAMLET

Hamlet) and Fenge, about Hrolfr Kraki, Hadding, the See also:

GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant Starkather, See also:

HARALD

Harald Hildetann and Ragnarr Lodbrok. In this earlier history Saxo has also embodied myths of See also:

NATIONAL

national gods who in tradition had become Danish kings, for instance, See also:

BALDER

Balder and Hother, and of See also:

FOREIGN

foreign heroes, likewise incorporated in Danish history, as the See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic Jarmunrik (A.S. Eormenrfc), the Anglian Vermund (A.S. Garmund) and Uffe (A.S. See also:

Offa), the See also:

German Hedin and Hild, and others. Frequently the narrative is interrupted by See also:

TRANSLATIONS

translations of poems, which Saxo has used as See also:

AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic sources, although they are often only a few generations older than himself. In the later books (x.-xvi.) of his work he follows to a greater extent historical accounts, and the more he approaches his own time the See also:

fuller and the more trustworthy his relation becomes; especially brilliant is his treatment of the history of King Valdemar and of Absalon. But his patriotism often makes him partial to his countrymen, and his want of See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical sense often blinds him to the historical truth. Saxo's work was widely read during the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages, and several extracts of it were made for smaller chronicles.

It was published for the first time, from a MS. afterwards lost, in See also:

Paris, 1514,. by the Danish humanist Christiern See also:

PEDERSEN, CHRISTIERN (c. 1480-1554)

Pedersen; this edition was reprinted at See also:

Basel, 1534, and at See also:

FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1576. Of later See also:

EDITIONS

editions may be mentioned that of See also:

Stephen Stephanius (SSro, 1644), the second See also:

VOLUME

volume of which contains the little-known, but valuable, Ste phanii notae uberiores in historiam Danicam Saxonis Grammatici, and which was reproduced, though without the notes, by C. A. See also:

KLOTZ, REINHOLD (1807-1870)

Klotz (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1771); and that of P. E. See also:

Muller completed by J. M. Velschow (See also:

COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1839-1858). The last See also:

COMPLETE

complete edition is that of See also:

ALFRED

Alfred Holder (See also:

STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1886), while a large See also:

PART

part was edited by G. See also:

Waitz in the Mon. Germ. historica, See also:

XXIX

xxix. pp. 43-161 (1892).

No complete MS. any longer exists; yet of See also:

LATE

late small fragments have been found of three See also:

MSS. The most remarkable of these is the fragment found at See also:

ANGERS

Angers, in See also:

France, written in the later part of the 13th century. It is now in the library of Copenhagen. There are Danish translations by A. G. Vedel (Copenhagen, 1575, and again 1851), and by F. Winkel-See also:

Horn (1896-1898). There is an See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

TRANSLATION

translation by O. See also:

ELTON, CHARLES ISAAC (1839–1900)

Elton and F. Y. See also:

Powell (London, 1894). See A.

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