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STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8)

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Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 920 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8) , See also:Roman See also:general and states-See also:man, was the son of a Vandal who had served as an officer in the See also:army of the See also:emperor See also:Valens (364-378). He himself entered the imperial army at an See also:early See also:age and speedily attained high See also:pro-See also:motion. He had already become See also:master of the See also:horse when in 383 he was sent by See also:Theodosius (379-395) at the See also:head of an See also:embassy to the See also:Persian See also:king, Sapor III. His See also:mission was very successful, and soon after his return he was made See also:count of the domestics and received in See also:marriage See also:Serena, the emperor's niece and adopted daughter. In 385 he was appointed master of the soldiery (magister militum) in See also:Thrace, and shortly afterwards directed energetic See also:campaigns in See also:Britain against Picts, Scots and See also:Saxons, and along the See also:Rhine against other barbarians. Stilicho and Serena were named guardians of the youthful See also:Honorius when the latter was created See also:joint emperor in 394 with See also:special See also:jurisdiction over See also:Italy, See also:Gaul, Britain, See also:Spain and See also:Africa, and Stilicho was even more closely allied to the imperial See also:family in the following See also:year by betrothing his daughter Maria to his See also:ward and by receiving the dying injunctions of Theodosius to care for his See also:children. Rivalry had already existed between Stilicho and See also:Rufinus, the praetorian See also:praefect of the See also:East, who had exercised considerable See also:influence over the emperor and who now was in-vested with the guardianship of See also:Arcadius. Consequently in 395, after a successful See also:campaign against the Germans on the Rhine, Stilicho marched to the east, nominally to expel the Goths and See also:Huns from Thrace, but really with the See also:design of displacing Rufinus, and by connivance with these same barbarians he procured the assassination of Rufinus at the See also:close of the year, and thereby became virtual master of the See also:empire. In 306 he fought in See also:Greece against the Visigoths, but an arrangement was effected whereby their chieftain See also:Alaric was appointed master of the soldiery in Illyricum (397). In 398 he quelled Gildo's revolt in Africa and married his daughter Maria to Honorius. Two years later he was See also:consul. He thwarted the efforts of Alaric to seize lands in Italy by his victories at See also:Pollentia and See also:Verona in 402-3 and forced him to return to Illyricum, but was criticized for having withdrawn the imperial forces from Britain and Gaul to employ against the Goths.

He manoeuvred so skilfully in the campaign against Radagaisus, who led a large force of various Germanic peoples into Italy in 405, that he surrounded the See also:

barbarian chieftain on the rocks of See also:Fiesole near See also:Florence and starved him into surrender. Early in 408 he married his second daughter Thermantia to Honorius. It was rumoured about this See also:time that Stilicho was plotting with Alaric and with Germans in Gaul and taking other treasonable steps in See also:order to make his own son Eucherius emperor. There are conflicting accounts of the plots and counterplots and of the See also:court intrigues, the relative truth of which will probably never be known. It is certain, however, that he was suspected by Honorius and abandoned by his own troops, and that he fled to See also:Ravenna, and, having been induced by false promises to quit the See also:church in which he had taken See also:sanctuary, was assassinated on the 23rd of See also:August 408. The See also:principal See also:sources for the See also:life of Stilicho are the histories of See also:Zosimus and of See also:Orosius and the flattering verses of Claudian. See T. See also:Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vols. i. and ii. (See also:Oxford, 188o); E. See also:Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by J. B. See also:Bury, vol. iii.

(See also:

London, 1902); P. See also:Villari, The Barbarian Invasions of Italy, translated by L. Villari, vol. i. (New See also:York, 1902); S. See also:Dill, Roman Society in the last See also:century of the Western Empire (London, 1899). (C. H.

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