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See also:WINDTHORST, See also:LUDWIG (1812–1891) , See also:German politician, was See also:born on the 17th of See also:January 1812 at Kaldenhof, a See also:country See also:house near See also:Osnabruck. He sprang from a See also:Roman See also:Catholic
See also:family which for some generations had held important posts in the Hanoverian See also:civil service. He was educated at the Carolinum, an endowed school at Osnabruck, and studied at the See also:universities of See also:Gottingen and See also:Heidelberg. In 1836 he settled down as an See also:advocate in Osnabruck: his abilities soon procured him a considerable practice, and he was appointed See also:president of the Catholic See also:Cor.sistorium. In 1848 he received an See also:appointment at the supreme See also:court of See also:appeal for the See also:kingdom of See also:Hanover, which sat at See also:Celle. In the next See also:year the revolution opened for him, as for so many of his contemporaries, the way to public See also:life, and he was elected as representative for his native See also:district in the second chamber of the reformed Hanoverian See also:parliament. He belonged to what was called the See also:Great German party, and opposed the project of reconstituting See also:Germany under the See also:leader-See also:ship of See also:Prussia; he defended the See also:government against the liberal and democratic opposition; at this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he began the struggle against the secularization of See also:schools, which continued throughout his life. In 1851 he was elected president of the chamber, and in the same year See also:minister of See also:justice, being the first Catholic who had held so high an See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in Hanover. As minister he carried through an important judicial reform which had been prepared by his predecessor, but had to retire from office be-cause he was opposed to the reactionary See also:measures for restoring the See also:influence and privileges of the See also:nobility. Though he was always an enemy to liberalism, his natural See also:independence of See also:character prevented him from acquiescing in the reactionary measures of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. In 1862 he again was appointed minister, but with others of his colleagues he resigned when the king refused his assent to a measure for extending the See also:franchise. Windthorst took no See also:part in the See also:critical events of 1866; contrary to the See also:opinion of many of his See also:friends, after the See also:annexation of Hanover by Prussia he accepted the fait accompli, took the See also:oath of See also:allegiance, and was elected a member both of the Prussian parliament and of the See also:North German See also:diet. At See also:Berlin he found a wider See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field for his abilities. He acted as representative of his exiled king in the negotiations with the Prussian government concerning his private See also:property and opposed the See also:sequestration, thus for the first time being placed in a position of hostility to See also:Bismarck. He was recognized as the leader of the Hanoverians and of all those who opposed the " revolution from above." He took a leading part in the formation of the party of the Centre in 1870–1871, but he did not become a member of it, fearing that his reputation as a follower of the king of Hanover would injure the party, until he was formally requested to join them by the leaders.
After the See also:death of See also:Hermann von Mallinckrodt (1821–1874) in 1874, Windthorst became leader of the party, and maintained that position till his death. It was chiefly owing to his skill and courage as a See also:parliamentary debater and his tact as a leader that the party held its own and constantly increased in See also:numbers during the great struggle with the Prussian government. He was especially exposed to the attacks of Bismarck, who attempted personally to discredit him and to See also:separate him from the See also:rest of the party. And he was far the ablest and most dangerous critic of Bismarck's policy. The See also:change of policy in 1879 led to a great alteration in his position: he was reconciled to Bismarck, and even sometimes attended receptions at his house. Never, however, was his position so difficult as during the negotiations which led to a See also:repeal of the May See also:laws. In 1887 Bismarck appealed to the See also:pope to use his authority to See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order the Centre to support the military proposals of the government. Windthorst took the responsibility of keeping the papal instructions See also:secret from the rest of his party and of disobeying them. In a great See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting at See also:Cologne in See also:March 1887 he defended and justified his See also:action, and claimed for the Centre full independence of action in all purely See also:political questions. In the social reform he supported Bismarck. and as the undisputed leader of the largest party in the Reichstag he was able to exercise influence over the action of the government after Bismarck's retirement. His relations with the See also:emperor See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William II. became very cordial, and in 1891 he achieved a great parliamentary See also:triumph by defeating the School See also:bill and compelling Gossler to resign. Afew days afterwards he died, on the 14th of March 1891, at Berlin. He was buried in the Marienkirche in Hanover, which had been erected from the See also:money subscribed as a testimonial to himself. His funeral was a most remarkable display of public esteem, in which nearly all the ruling princes of Germany joined, and was a striking sign of the position to which, after twenty years of incessant struggle, he had raised his party. Windthorst was undoubtedly one of the greatest of German parliamentary leaders: no one equalled him in his readiness as a debater, his defective eyesight compelling him to depend entirely upon his memory. It was his misfortune that nearly all his life was spent in opposition, and he had no opportunity of showing his abilities as an See also:administrator. He enjoyed unbounded popularity and confidence among the German Catholics, but he was in no way an ecclesiastic: he was at first opposed to the Vatican decrees of 1870, but quickly accepted them after they had been proclaimed. He was a very agreeable See also:companion and a thorough See also:man of the See also:world, singularly See also:free from arrogance and pomposity; owing to his small stature, he was often known as " See also:die kleine Excellenz." He married in 1839. Of his three See also:children, two died before him; his wife survived him only a few months.
Windthorst's Ausgewahlte Reden were published in three volumes (Osnabruck, 1901-1902). See also J. N. Knopp, Ludwig Windthorst: ein Lebensbild (See also:Dresden, 1898); and Husgen, Ludwig Windthorst (Cologne, 1907). (J. W.
End of Article: WINDTHORST, LUDWIG (1812–1891)
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