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See also:EXCELLENCY (See also:Lat. excellentia, excellence) , a See also:title or predicate of See also:honour. The earliest records of its use are associated with the See also:Frank and Lombard See also:kings; e.g. See also:Anastasius Bibliothecarius (d. c. 886) in his See also:life of See also:Pope See also:Honorius refers to See also:Charlemagne as " his excellency " (ejus excellentia) ; and during the See also:middle ages it was freely applied to or assumed by emperors, kings and See also:sovereign princes generally, though rather as a rhetorical flourish than as a See also:part of their formal See also:style. Its use is well illustrated in the various charters in the Red See also:Book of the See also:exchequer, where the addresses to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king vary between " your excellency," " your dignity " (vestra dignitas), " your sublimity " ' (See also:vestry sublimitas) and the like, according to the See also:taste and inventiveness of the writers. Du Cange also gives examples of the style excellentia being applied to the pope and even to a See also:bishop (in a See also:charter of 1182). With the See also:gradual stereotyping of titles of honour that of " excellency " was definitively superseded in the See also:case of sovereigns of the highest See also:rank, about the beginning of the 15th See also:century, by those of " See also:highness " and " See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace," and later by " See also:majesty," first assumed in See also:England by King See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VIII.
See also:Dukes and See also:counts of the See also:Empire and the See also:Italian reigning princes continued, however, to be " excellencies " for a while longer. In 1593 the bestowal of the title of excellence by Henry IV. of See also:France on the duc de See also:Nevers, his See also:ambassador at See also:Rome, set a precedent that was universally followed from the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the treaty of See also:Westphalia (1648). This, together with the See also:reservation in 1640 of the title " See also:eminence " (q.v.) to the cardinals, led the Italian princes to adopt the style of " highness" (altezza) instead of " excellency." In France, from 1654 onwards, the title of excellence was given to all high See also:civil and military officials, and this example was followed in See also:Germany in the 18th century.
The subsequent See also:fate of the title varies very greatly in different countries. In See also:Great See also:Britain it is See also:borne by the See also:viceroy of See also:India, the See also:lord-See also:lieutenant of See also:Ireland, all See also:governors of colonies and ambassadors. In the See also:United States it is part of the See also:official style of the governors of states, but not of that of the See also:president; though See also:diplomatic usage varies in this respect, some states (e.g. France) conceding to him the style of " excellency," others (e.g. See also:Belgium) refusing it. The See also:custom of other republics differs: in France the president is addressed as excellence by See also:courtesy; in See also:Switzerland the title is omitted; in the See also:South See also:American republics it is part of the official style (See also:Pradier-Fodere, Cours de See also:droit diplom. i. 89). In See also:Spain the title of excelencia properly belonged to the grandees and to those who had the right to be covered in the royal presence, but it was extended also to high officials, viceroys, ministers, captains-See also:general, lieutenants-general, ambassadors and knights of the See also:Golden Fleece. In See also:Austria the title Exzellenz belongs properly to privy councillors. It has, however, gradually been extended by custom to all the higher military commands from lieutenant-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field-See also:marshal upwards. Ministers, even when not privy councillors, are styled Exzellenz. In Germany the title is borne by the imperial See also:chancellor, the See also:principal secretaries of See also:state, ministers and Ober prdsidenten in See also:Prussia, by generals from the rank of lieutenant-general upwards, by the See also:chief See also:court officials, and it is also sometimes bestowed as a title of honour in cases where it is not attached to the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office held by its recipient. In See also:Russia the title is very See also:common, being borne by all See also:officers from See also:major-general upwards and by all officials above the rank of acting privy councillor. Officers and officials of the highest rank have the title of " high excellency." Finally, in See also:Italy, the title eccelenza, which had come to be used in the republics of See also:Venice and See also:Genoa as the usual See also:form of address to nobles, has become as meaningless as the See also:English title of "See also:esquire" or the address of "See also:sir," being, especially in the south, the usual form of address to any stranger.
In the diplomatic service the title of excellency is technically reserved to ambassadors, but in addressing envoys also this form is cgmmonly used by courtesy. (W. A.
End of Article: EXCELLENCY (Lat. excellentia, excellence)
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